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the advancement of learning-第24部分
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as in our own wish and advice; the inquiry touching human nature entire; as a just portion of knowledge to be handled apart。
X。1。 The knowledge that concerneth man's body is divided as the good of man's body is divided; unto which it referreth。 The good of man's body is of four kinds; Health; Beauty; Strength; and Pleasure: so the knowledges are Medicine; or art of Cure; art of Decoration; which is called Cosmetic; art of Activity; which is called Athletic; and art Voluptuary; which Tacitus truly calleth ERUDITUS LUXUS。 This subject of man's body is of all other things in nature most susceptible of remedy; but then that remedy is most susceptible of error。 For the same subtility of the subject doth cause large possibility and easy failing; and therefore the inquiry ought to be the more exact。
'42' 2。 To speak therefore of Medicine; and to resume that we have said; ascending a little higher: the ancient opinion that man was MICROCOSMUS; an abstract or model of the world; hath been fantastically strained by Paracelsus' and the alchemists; as if there were to be found in man's body certain correspondences and parallels; which should have respect to all varieties of things; as stars; planets; minerals; which are extant in the great world。 But thus much is evidently true; that of all substances which nature hath produced; man's body is the most extremely compounded。 For we see herbs and plants are nourished by earth and water; beasts for the most part by herbs and fruits; man by the mesh of beasts; birds; fishes; herbs; grains; fruits; water; and the manifold alterations; dressings; and preparations of the several bodies; before they come to be his food and aliment。 Add hereunto; that beasts have a more simple order of life; and less change of affections to work upon their bodies: whereas man in his mansion; sleep; exercise; passions; hath infinite variations: and it cannot be denied but that the Body of man of all other things is of the most compounded mass。 The Soul on the other side is the simplest of substances; as is well expressed:
Purumque reliquit Aethereum sensum atque aurai simplicis ignem。
So that it is no marvel though the soul so placed enjoy no rest; if that principle be true; that MOTUS RERUM EST RAPIDUS EXTRA LOCUM; PLACIDUS IN LOCO。 But to the purpose: this variable composition of man's body hath made it as an instrument easy to distemper; and therefore the poets did well to conjoin Music and Medicine in Apollo; because the office of Medicine is but to tune this curious harp of man's body and to reduce it to harmony。 So then the subject being so variable; hath made the art by consequence more conjectural; and the art being conjectural hath made so much the more place to be left for imposture。 For almost all other arts and sciences are judged by acts; or masterpieces; as I may term them; and not by the successes and events。 The lawyer is judged by the virtue of his pleading; and not by the issue of the cause; the master of the ship is judged by the directing his course aright; and not by the fortune of the voyage; but the physician; and perhaps the politique; hath no particular acts demonstrative of his ability; but is judged most by the event; which is ever but as it is taken: for who can tell if a patient die or recover; or if a state be preserved or ruined; whether it be art or accident? And therefore many times the impostor is prized; and the man of virtue taxed。 Nay; we see the weakness and credulity of men is such; as they will often prefer a mountebank or witch before a learned physician。 And therefore the poets were clear…sighted in discerning this extreme folly; when they made Aesculapius and Circe brother and sister; both children of the sun; as in the verses;
Ipse repertorem medicine talis et artis Fulmine PHOEBIGENAM Stygias detrusit ad undas:
And again;
Dives inaccessos ubi SOLIS FILIA lucos; etc。
For in all times; in the opinion of the multitude; witches and old women and impostors have had a competition with physicians。 And what followeth? Even this; that physicians say to themselves as Salomon expresseth it upon a higher occasion; IF IT BEFALL TO ME AS BEFALLETH TO THE FOOLS; WHY SHOULD I LABOUR TO BE MORE WISE? And therefore I cannot much blame physicians; that they use commonly to intend some other art or practice; which they fancy more than their profession。 For you shall have of them antiquaries; poets; humanists; statesmen; merchants; divines; and in every of these better seen than in their profession; and no doubt upon this ground; that they find that mediocrity and excellency in their art maketh no difference in profit or reputation towards their fortune; for the weakness of patients; and sweetness of life; and nature of hope; maketh men depend upon physicians with all their defects。 But nevertheless; these things which we have spoken of; are courses begotten between a little occasion; and a great deal of sloth and default; for if we will excite and awake our observation; we shall see in familiar instances what a predominant faculty the subtilty of spirit hath over the variety of matter or form: nothing more variable than faces and countenances: yet men can bear in memory the infinite distinctions of them; nay; a painter with a few shells of colours; and the benefit of his eye and habit of his imagination; can imitate them all that ever have been; are; or may be; if they were brought before him: nothing more variable than voices; yet men can likewise discern them personally: nay; you shall have a buffoon or PANTOMIMUS; who will express as many as he pleaseth。 Nothing more variable than the differing sounds of words; yet men have found the way to reduce them to a few simple letters。 So that it is not the insufficiency or incapacity of man's mind; but it is the remote standing or placing thereof; that breedeth these mazes and incomprehensions: for as the sense afar off is full of mistaking; but is exact at hand; so is it of the understanding; the remedy whereof is; not to quicken or strengthen the organ; but to go nearer to the object; and therefore there is no doubt but if the physicians will learn and use the true approaches and avenues of nature; they may assume as much as the poet saith:
Et quoniam variant morbi; variabimus artes; Mille mali species; mille salutis erunt。
Which that they should do; the nobleness of their art doth deserve; well shadowed by the poets; in that they made Aesculapius to be the son of the sun; the one being the fountain of life; the other as the second stream: but infinitely more honoured by the example of our Saviour; who made the body of man the object of His miracles; as the soul was the object of His doctrine。 For we read not that ever He vouchsafed to do any miracle about honour or money; except that one for giving tribute to Caesar; but only about the preserving; sustaining; and healing the body of man。
3。 Medicine is a science which hath been; as we '43'; more professed than laboured; and yet more laboured than advanced; the labour having been; in my judgment; rather in circle than in progression。 For I find much iteration; but small addition。 It considereth causes of diseases; with the occasions or compulsions; the diseases themselves; with the accidents; and the cares; with the preservations。 The deficiencies which I think good to note; being a few of many; and those such as are of a more open and manifest nature; I will enumerate; and not place。
4。 The first is the discontinuance of the ancient and serious diligence of Hippocrates; which used to set down a narrative of the special cases of his patients; and how they proceeded; and how they were judged by recovery or death。 Therefore having an example proper in the father of the art; I shall not need to allege an example foreign; of the wisdom of the lawyers; who are careful to report new cases and decisions for the direction of future judgments。 This continuance of medicinal history I find deficient; which I understand neither to be so infinite as to extend to every common case; nor so reserved as to admit none but wonders: for many things are new in the manner; which are not new in the kind; and if men will intend to observe; they shall find much worthy to observe。
5。 In the inquiry which is made by Anatomy; I find much deficience: for they inquire of the parts; and their substances; figures; and collocations; but they inquire not of the diversities of the parts; the secrecies of the passages; and the seats or nestlings of the humoors; nor much of the footsteps and impressions of diseases: the reason of which omission I suppose to be; because the first inquiry may be satisfied in the view of one or a few anatomies: but the latter; being comparative and casual; must arise from the view of many。 And as to the diversity of parts; there is no doubt but the facture or framing of the inward parts is as full of difference as the outward; and in that is the CAUSE CONTINENT of many diseases; which not being observed; they quarrel many times with humours; which are not in fault; the fault beings in the very frame and mechanic of the part; which cannot be removed by medicine alterative; but must be accommodate and palliate by diets and medicines familiar。 As for the passages and pores; it is true which was anciently noted; that the more subtle of them appear not in anatomies; because they are shut and latent in dead bodies; though they be open and manifest in live: which being supposed; though the inhumanity of ANATOMIA VIVORUM was by Celsus justly reproved; yet in regard of the great use of this observation; the inquiry needed not by him so slightly to have been relinquished altogether; or referred to the casual practices of surgery; but mought have been well diverted upon the dissection of beasts alive; which notwithstanding the dissimilitude of their parts; may sufficiently satisfy this inquiry。 And for the humours; they are commonly passed over in anatomies as purgaments; whereas it is most necessary to observe; what cavities; nests; and recptacles the humours do find in the parts; with the differing kind of the humour so lodged and received。 And as for the footsteps of diseases and their devastations of the inward parts; imposthumations; exulcerations; discontinuations; putrefactions
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