the advancement of learning-第32部分

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w　the　doctrines　of　contraries　are　the　same；　though　the　use　be　opposite。　It　appeareth　also　that　logic　differeth　from　rhetoric；　not　only　as　the　＇55＇　fist　from　the　palm；　the　one　close；　the　other　at　large；　but　much　more　in　this；　that　logic　handleth　reason　exact　and　in　truth；　and　rhetoric　handleth　it　as　it　is　planted　in　popular　opinions　and　manners。　And　therefore　Aristotle　　doth　wisely　place　rhetoric　as　between　logic　on　the　one　side；　and　moral　or　civil　knowledge　on　the　other；　as　participating　of　both：　for　the　proofs　and　demonstrations　of　logic　are　towards　all　men　indifferent　and　the　same；　but　the　proofs　and　persuasions　of　rhetoric　ought　to　differ　according　to　the　auditors：

Orpheus　in　sylvis；　inter　delphinas　Arion。

Which　application；　in　perfection　of　idea；　ought　to　extend　so　far；　that　if　a　man　should　speak　of　the　same　thing　to　several　persons；　he　should　speak　to　them　all　respectively　and　several　ways：　though　this　politic　part　of　eloquence　in　private　speech　it　is　easy　for　the　greatest　orators　to　want：　whilst　by　the　observing　their　well…graced　forms　of　speech　they　leese　the　volubility　of　application：　and　therefore　it　shall　not　be　amiss　to　recommend　this　to　better　inquiry；　not　being　curious　whether　we　place　it　here；　or　in　that　part　which　concerneth　policy。

6。　Now　therefore　will　I　descend　to　the　deficiencies；　which；　as　I　said；　are　but　attendances：　　and　first；　I　do　not　find　the　wisdom　and　diligence　of　Aristotle　well　pursued；　who　began　to　make　a　collection　of　the　popular　signs　and　colours　of　good　and　evil；　both　simple　and　comparative；　which　are　as　the　sophisms　of　rhetoric；　as　I　touched　before。　For　example：

S　O　P　H　I　S　M　A。　Quod　laudatur；　bonum：　quod　vituperatur；　malum。

R　E　D　A　R　G　U　T　I　O。　Laudat　venales　qui　vult　extrudere　merces。

MALUM　EST；　MALUM　EST；　INQUIT　EMPTOR：　SED　CUM　RECESSERIT；　TUM　GLORIABITUR！

The　defects　in　the　labour　of　Aristotle　are　three：　one；　that　there　be　but　a　few　of　many；　another；　that　their　elenches　are　not　annexed；　and　the　third；　that　he　conceived　but　a　part　of　the　use　of　them：　for　their　use　is　not　only　in　probation；　but　much　more　in　impression。　For　many　forms　are　equal　in　signification　which　are　differing　in　impression；　as　the　difference　is　great　in　the　piercing　of　that　which　is　sharp　and　that　which　is　flat；　though　the　strength　of　the　percussion　be　the　same：　for　there　is　no　man　but　will　be　a　little　more　raised　by　hearing　it　said；　YOUR　ENEMIES　WILL　BE　GLAD　OF　THIS：

Hoc　Ithacus　velit；　et　magno　mercentur　Atridae；

than　by　hearing　it　said　only；　THIS　IS　EVIL　FOR　YOU。

7。　Secondly；　I　do　resume　also　that　which　I　mentioned　before；　touching　provision　or　preparatory　store　for　the　furniture　of　speech　and　readiness　of　invention；　which　appearetn　to　be　of　two　sorts；　the　one　in　resemblance　to　a　shop　of　pieces　unmade　up；　the　other　to　a　shop　of　things　ready　made　up；　both　to　be　applied　to　that　which　is　frequent　and　most　in　request：　the　former　of　these　I　will　call　ANTITHETA；　and　the　latter　FORMULAE。

8。　ANTITHETA　are　theses　argued　PRO　ET　CONTRA；　wherein　men　may　be　more　large　and　laborious：　but；　in　such　as　are　able　to　do　it；　to　avoid　prolixity　of　entry；　I　wish　the　seeds　of　the　several　arguments　to　be　cast　up　into　some　brief　and　acute　sentences；　not　to　be　cited；　but　to　be　as　skeins　or　bottoms　of　thread；　to　be　unwinded　at　large　when　they　come　to　be　used；　supplying　authorities　and　examples　by　reference。

P　R　O　　　V　E　R　B　I　S　　　L　E　G　I　S。　Non　est　interpretatio；　sed　divinatio；　qua。　recedit　a　liter？　Cum　receditur　a　liter？　judex　transit　in　legislatorem。

P　R　O　　　S　E　N　T　E　N　T　I　A　　　L　E　G　I　S。　Ex　omnibus　verbis　est　eliciendus　sensus　qui　interpretatur　singula。

9。　FORMULAE　are　but　decent　and　apt　passages　or　conveyances　of　speech；　which　may　serve　indifferently　for　differing　subjects；　as　of　preface；　conclusion；　digression；　transition；　excusation；　etc。　For　as　in　buildings；　there　is　great　pleasure　and　use　in　the　well　casting　of　the　staircases；　entries；　doors；　windows；　and　the　like；　so　in　speech；　the　conveyances　and　passages　are　of　special　ornament　and　effect。

A　　　C　O　N　C　L　U　S　I　O　N　　　I　N　　　A　　　D　E　L　I　B　E　R　A　T　I　V　E。　So　may　we　redeem　the　faults　passed；　and　prevent　the　inconveniences　future。

XIX。　1。　There　remain　two　appendices　touching　the　tradition　of　knowledge；　the　one　critical；　the　other　pedantical。　For　all　knowledge　is　either　delivered　by　teachers；　or　attained　by　men's　proper　endeavours：　and　therefore　as　the　principal　part　of　tradition　of　knowledge　concerneth　chiefly　writing　of　books；　so　the　relative　part　thereof　concerneth　reading　of　books；　whereunto　appertain　incidently　these　considerations。　The　first　is　concerning　the　true　correction　and　edition　of　authors；　wherein　nevertheless　rash　diligence　hath　done　great　prejudice。　For　these　critics　have　often　presumed；　that　that　which　they　understand　not　is　false　set　down：　as　the　priest　that；　where　he　found　it　written　of　St。　Paul；　DEMISSUS　EST　PER　SPORTAM　mended　his　book；　and　made　it　DEMISSUS　EST　PER　PORTAM；　because　SPORTA　was　a　hard　word；　and　out　of　his　reading：　and　surely　their　errors；　though　they　be　not　so　palpable　and　ridiculous；　are　yet　of　the　same　kind。　And　therefore；　as　it　hath　been　wisely　noted；　the　most　corrected　copies　are　commonly　the　least　correct。

The　second　is　concerning　the　exposition　and　explication　of　authors；　which　resteth　in　annotations　and　commentaries：　wherein　it　is　over　usual　to　blanch　the　obscure　places；　and　discourse　upon　the　plain。

The　third　is　concerning　the　times；　which　in　many　cases　give　great　light　to　true　interpretations。

The　fourth　is　concerning　some　brief　censure　and　judgment　of　the　authors；　that　men　thereby　may　make　some　election　unto　themselves　what　books　to　read。

And　the　fifth　is　concerning　the　syntax　and　disposition　of　studies；　that　men　may　know　in　what　order　or　pursuit　to　read。

2。　For　pedantical　knowledge；　it　containeth　that　difference　of　tradition　which　is　proper　for　youth；　whereunto　appertain　divers　considerations　of　great　fruit。

＇56＇　As　first；　the　timing　and　seasoning　of　knowledges；　as　with　what　to　initiate　them；　and　from　what　for　a　time　to　refrain　them。

Secondly；　the　consideration　where　to　begin　with　the　easiest；　and　so　proceed　to　the　more　difficult；　and　in　what　courses　to　press　the　more　difficult；　and　then　to　turn　them　to　the　more　easy：　for　it　is　one　method　to　practise　swimming　with　bladders；　and　another　to　practise　dancing　with　heavy　shoes。

A　third　is　the　application　of　learning　according　unto　the　propriety　of　the　wits；　for　there　is　no　defect　in　the　faculties　intellectual；　but　seemeth　to　have　a　proper　cure　contained　in　some　studies；　as；　for　example；　if　a　child　be　bird…witted；　that　is；　hath　not　the　faculty　of　attention；　the　mathematics　giveth　a　remedy　thereunto；　for　in　them；　if　the　wit　be　caught　away　but　a　moment；　one　is　to　begin　anew。　And　as　sciences　have　a　propriety　towards　faculties　for　cure　and　help；　so　faculties　or　powers　have　a　sympathy　towards　sciences　for　excellency　or　speedy　profiting：　and　therefore　it　is　an　inquiry　of　great　wisdom；　what　kinds　of　wits　and　natures　are　most　apt　and　proper　for　what　sciences。

Fourthly；　the　ordering　of　exercises　is　matter　of　great　consequence　to　hurt　or　help：　for；　as　is　well　observed　by　Cicero；　men　in　exercising　their　faculties；　if　they　be　not　well　advised；　do　exercise　their　faults　and　get　ill　habits　as　well　as　good；　so　there　is　a　great　judgment　to　be　had　in　the　continuance　and　intermission　of　exercises。　It　were　too　long　to　particularize　a　number　of　other　considerations　of　this　nature；　things　but　of　mean　appearance；　but　of　singular　efficacy。　For　as　the　wronging　or　cherishing　of　seeds　or　young　plants　is　that　that　is　most　important　to　their　thriving：　（and　as　it　was　noted　that　the　first　six　kings　being　in　truth　as　tutors　of　the　state　of　Rome　in　the　infancy　thereof；　was　the　principal　cause　of　the　immense　greatness　of　that　state　which　followed：）　so　the　culture　and　manurance　of　minds　in　youth；　hath　such　a　forcible；　though　unseen　operation；　as　hardly　any　length　of　time　or　contention　of　labour　can　countervail　it　afterwards。　And　it　is　not　amiss　to　observe　also　how　small　and　mean　faculties　gotten　by　education；　yet　when　they　fall　into　great　men　or　great　matters；　do　work　great　and　important　effects；　whereof　we　see　a　notable　example　in　Tacitus　　of　two　stage　players；　Percennius　and　Vibulenus；　who　by　their　faculty　of　playing　put　the　Pannonian　armies　into　an　extreme　tumult　and　combustion。　For　there　arising　a　mutiny　amongst　them　upon　the　death　of　Augustus　Caesar；　Blaesus　the　lieutenant　had　committed　some　of　the　mutineers；　which　were　suddenly　rescued；　whereupon　Vibulenus　got　to　be　heard　speak；　which　he　did　in　this　manner：　　THESE　POOR　INNOCENT　WRETCHES　APPOINTED　TO　CRUEL　DEATH；　YOU　HAVE　RESTORED　TO　BEHOLD　THE　LIGHT；　BUT　WHO　SHALL　RESTORE　ANY　BROTHER　TO　ME；　OR　LIFE　ONTO　MY　BROTHER；　THAT　WAS　SENT　HITHER　IN　MESSAGE　FROM　THE　LEGIONS　OF　GERMANY；　TO　TREAT　OF　THE　COMMON　CAUSE　？　AND　HE　HATH　MURDERED　HIM　THIS　LAST　NIGHT　BY　SOME　OF　HIS　FENCERS　AND　RUFFIANS；　THAT　HE　HATH　ABOUT　HIM　FOR　HIS　EXECUTIONERS；　UPON　SOLDIERS。　ANSWER；　BLAESUS；　WHAT　IS　DONE　WITH　HIS　BODY？　THE　MORTALEST　ENEMIES　DO　NOT　DENY　BURIAL。　WHEN　I　HAVE　PERFORMED　MY　LAST　DUTY　TO　THE　CORPSE　WITH　KISSES；　WITH　TEARS；　COMMAND　ME　TO　BE　SLAIN　BESIDE　HUE；　SO　THAT　THESE　MY　FELLOWS；　FOR　OUR　GOOD　MEANING；　AND　OUR　TRY；　HEARTS　TO　THE　LEGIONS；　MAY　HAVE　LEAVE　TO　BURY　US。　With　which　speech　he　put　the　army　into　an　infinite　fury　and　uproar：　whereas　truth　was　he　had　no　brother；　neither　was　there　any　such　matter；　but　he　played　it　merely　as　if　he　had　been　upon　the　stage。

3。　But　to　return：　we　are　now　come　to　a　period　of　rational　knowledges；　wherein　if　I　have　made　the　divisions　other　than　those　that　are　received；　yet　would　I　not　be　thought　to　disallow　all　those　divisions　which　I　do　not　use。　For　there　is　a　double　necessity　imposed　upon　me　of　altering　the　divisions。　The　one；　because　it　differeth　in　end　and　purpose；　to　sort　together　those　things　which　are　next　in　nature；　and　those　things　which　are　next　in　use。　For　if　a　secretary　of　state　should　sort　his　papers；　it　is　like　in　his　study　or　general　cabinet　he　would　sort　together　things　of　a　nature；　as　treaties；　instructions；　etc。；　but　in　his　boxes　or　particular　cabinet　he　would　sort　together　those　that　he　were　like　to　use　together；　though　of　several　natures；　so　in　this　general　cabinet　of　knowledge　it　was　necessary　for