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seven discourses on art(艺术七讲座)-第19部分

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especially     as   artists  are   not   very   frequently     skilful   in  that  mode     of 

communicating ideas。 

     Unsubstantial;   however;   as   these   rules   may   seem;   and   difficult   as   it 

may be to convey them in writing; they are still seen and felt in the mind 

of   the   artist;   and   he   works   from  them   with   as   much   certainty  as   if   they 

were     embodied;      as  I  may    say;  upon    paper。    It   is  true   these   refined 

principles cannot be always made palpable; like the more gross rules of art; 

yet it does not follow but that the mind may be put in such a train that it 

shall perceive; by a kind of scientific sense; that propriety which words; 

particularly   words   of   unpractised   writers   such   as   we   are;   can   but   very 

feebly suggest。 

     Invention     is  one   of   the  great   marks    of   genius;   but   if  we   consult 

experience; we shall find that it is by being conversant with the inventions 

of others that we learn to invent; as by reading the thoughts of others we 



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learn to think。 

     Whoever has so far formed his taste as to be able to relish and feel the 

beauties of the great masters has gone a great way in his study; for; merely 

from a consciousness of this relish of the right; the mind swells with an 

inward     pride;   and   is  almost    as  powerfully   affected      as  if  it  had  itself 

produced what it admires。 Our hearts frequently warmed in this manner by 

the contact of those whom we wish to resemble; will undoubtedly  catch 

something   of   their   way   of   thinking;   and   we   shall   receive   in   our   own 

bosoms      some     radiation    at  least   of   their  fire   and   splendour。      That 

disposition;   which   is   so   strong    in   children;   still   continues   with   us;   of 

catching involuntarily the general air and manner of those with whom we 

are    most   conversant;     with   this  difference     only;  that  a  young     mind    is 

naturally pliable and imitative; but in a more advanced state it grows rigid; 

and must be warmed and softened before it will receive a deep impression。 

     From these considerations; which a little of your reflection will carry a 

great way further; it appears of what great consequence it is that our minds 

should be habituated to the contemplation of excellence; and that; far from 

being contented to make such habits the discipline of our youth only; we 

should; to the last moment of our lives; continue a settled intercourse with 

all the true examples of grandeur。           Their inventions are not only the food 

of our infancy; but the substance which supplies the fullest maturity of our 

vigour。 

     The   mind   is   but   a   barren   soil;  is   a   soil   soon   exhausted;   and  will 

produce      no  crop;   or   only   one;   unless   it  be  continually     fertilised  and 

enriched with foreign matter。 

     When   we   have   had   continually   before   us   the   great   works   of   art   to 

impregnate our minds with kindred ideas; we are then; and not till then; fit 

to produce something; of the same species。               We behold all about us with 

the   eyes   of   these   penetrating   observers;   and   our   minds;   accustomed   to 

think the thoughts of the noblest and brightest intellects; are prepared for 

the discovery and selection of all that is great and noble in nature。                   The 

greatest natural genius cannot subsist on its own stock:                 he who resolves 

never to ransack any mind but his own will be soon reduced; from mere 

barrenness; to the poorest of all imitations; he will be obliged to imitate 



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himself; and to repeat what he has before often repeated。 When we know 

the subject designed by such men; it will never be difficult to guess what 

kind of work is to be produced。 

     It is vain for painters or poets to endeavour to invent without materials 

on which the mind may work; and from which invention must originate。 

Nothing can come of nothing。 

     Homer is supposed to be possessed of all the learning of his time。 And 

we are certain that Michael Angelo and Raffaelle were equally possessed 

of all knowledge in the art which was discoverable in the works of their 

predecessors。 

     A mind enriched by an assemblage of all the treasures of ancient and 

modern art will be more elevated and fruitful in resources in proportion to 

the number of ideas which have been carefully collected and thoroughly 

digested。     There can be no doubt that he who has the most materials has 

the greatest means of invention; and if he has not the power of using them; 

it must proceed from a feebleness of intellect or from the confused manner 

in which those collections have been laid up in his mind。 

     The addition of other men's judgment is so far from weakening; as is 

the opinion   of many;  our own;  that it will   fashion and   consolidate  those 

ideas of excellence which lay in their birth feeble; ill…shaped; and confused; 

but   which   are   finished  and put   in   order   by  the   authority  and   practice   of 

those whose works may be said to have been consecrated by having stood 

the test of ages。 

     The   mind;   or   genius;   has   been   compared   to   a   spark   of   fire   which   is 

smothered   by   a   heap   of   fuel   and   prevented   from   blazing   into   a   flame。 

This   simile;   which   is   made   use   of   by   the   younger   Pliny;   may   be   easily 

mistaken for argument or proof。 

     There is no danger of the mind's being over…burdened with knowledge; 

or   the   genius   extinguished   by   any   addition   of   images;   on   the   contrary; 

these     acquisitions     may     as   well;   perhaps     better;    be   compared;      if 

comparisons       signified    anything    in   reasoning;    to  the   supply    of  living 

embers;   which   will   contribute   to   strengthen   the   spark   that   without   the 

association of more would have died away。 

     The   truth   is;   he   whose   feebleness   is   such   as   to   make   other   men's 



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thoughts an incumbrance to him can have no very great strength of mind 

or genius of his own to be destroyed; so that not much harm will be done 

at worst。 

     We     may    oppose     to  Pliny   the   greater    authority    of  Cicero;    who     is 

continually      enforcing     the   necessity     of  this   method     of   study。    In   his 

dialogue on Oratory he makes Crassus say; that one of the first and most 

important precepts is to choose a proper model for our imitation。                      Hoc fit 

primum in preceptis meis ut demonstremus quem imitemur。 

     When I speak of the habitual imitation and continued study of masters; 

it is not   to be  understood   that   I advise any  endeavour to   copy  the  exact 

peculiar   colour   and   complexion   of   another   man's   mind;   the   success   of 

such   an   attempt   must   always   be   like   his   who   imitates   exactly   the   air; 

manner;      and   gestures    of   him   whom      he   admires。     His    model     may    be 

excellent; but the copy will be ridiculous; this ridicule does not arise from 

his   having   imitated;   but   from   his   not   having   chosen   the   right   mode   of 

imitation。 

     It   is   a   necessary   and   warrantable   pride   to   disdain   to   walk   servilely 

behind any individual; however elevated his rank。                    The true and   liberal 

ground of imitation is an open field; where; though he who precedes has 

had   the   advantage   of   starting   before   you;   yet   it   is   enough   to   pursue   his 

course; you need not tread in his footsteps; and you certainly have a right 

to outstrip him if you can。 

     Nor;    whilst    I  recommend        studying    the   art  from    artists;   can   I  be 

supposed to mean that nature is to be neglected?                   I take this study in aid 

and   not in   exclusion   of  the   other。     Nature  is;  and   must be;  the   fountain 

which      alone    is  inexhaustible;      and    from    which     all  excellences      must 

originally flow。 

     The   great   use   of   studying   our   predecessors   is   to   open   the   mind;   to 

shorten our labour; and to give us the result of the selection made by those 

great minds of what is grand or beautiful in nature:                 her rich stores are all 

spread out before us; but it is an art; and no easy art; to know how or what 

to choose; and how to attain and secure the object of our choice。 

     Thus the highest beauty of form must be taken from nature; but it is an 

art of long deduction and great experience to know how to find it。 



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     We must not content ourselves with merely admiring and relishing; we 

must enter into the principles on which the work is wrought; these do not 

swim   on   the   superficies;   and   consequently   are   not   open   to   superficial 

observers。 

     Art in its perfection is not ostentatious; it lies hid; and works its effect 

itself unseen。      It is the proper study and labour of an artist to uncover and 

find out   the   latent   cause  of   conspicuous   beauties;  and   from  thence   form 

principles     for   his  own     conduct;    such    an   examination      is  a  continual 

exertion of 
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