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memoir of fleeming jenkin-第33部分

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which had overtaken his mother; others shared the fear。  In the 

changed life now made for his family; the elders dead; the sons 

going from home upon their education; even their tried domestic 

(Mrs。 Alice Dunns) leaving the house after twenty…two years of 

service; it was not unnatural that he should return to dreams of 

Italy。  He and his wife were to go (as he told me) on 'a real 

honeymoon tour。'  He had not been alone with his wife 'to speak 

of;' he added; since the birth of his children。  But now he was to 

enjoy the society of her to whom he wrote; in these last days; that 

she was his 'Heaven on earth。'  Now he was to revisit Italy; and 

see all the pictures and the buildings and the scenes that he 

admired so warmly; and lay aside for a time the irritations of his 

strenuous activity。  Nor was this all。  A trifling operation was to 

restore his former lightness of foot; and it was a renovated youth 

that was to set forth upon this re‰nacted honeymoon。



The operation was performed; it was of a trifling character; it 

seemed to go well; no fear was entertained; and his wife was 

reading aloud to him as he lay in bed; when she perceived him to 

wander in his mind。  It is doubtful if he ever recovered a sure 

grasp upon the things of life; and he was still unconscious when he 

passed away; June the twelfth; 1885; in the fifty…third year of his 

age。  He passed; but something in his gallant vitality had 

impressed itself upon his friends; and still impresses。  Not from 

one or two only; but from many; I hear the same tale of how the 

imagination refuses to accept our loss and instinctively looks for 

his reappearing; and how memory retains his voice and image like 

things of yesterday。  Others; the well…beloved too; die and are 

progressively forgotten; two years have passed since Fleeming was 

laid to rest beside his father; his mother; and his Uncle John; and 

the thought and the look of our friend still haunt us。







APPENDIX。







NOTE ON THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FLEEMING JENKIN TO ELECTRICAL AND 

ENGINEERING SCIENCE。  BY SIR WILLIAM THOMSON; F。R。S。; LL D。; ETC。; 

ETC。



IN the beginning of the year 1859 my former colleague (the first 

British University Professor of Engineering); Lewis Gordon; at that 

time deeply engaged in the then new work of cable making and cable 

laying; came to Glasgow to see apparatus for testing submarine 

cables and signalling through them; which I had been preparing for 

practical use on the first Atlantic cable; and which had actually 

done service upon it; during the six weeks of its successful 

working between Valencia and Newfoundland。  As soon as he had seen 

something of what I had in hand; he said to me; 'I would like to 

show this to a young man of remarkable ability; at present engaged 

in our works at Birkenhead。'  Fleeming Jenkin was accordingly 

telegraphed for; and appeared next morning in Glasgow。  He remained 

for a week; spending the whole day in my class…room and laboratory; 

and thus pleasantly began our lifelong acquaintance。  I was much 

struck; not only with his brightness and ability; but with his 

resolution to understand everything spoken of; to see if possible 

thoroughly through every difficult question; and (no if about 

this!) to slur over nothing。  I soon found that thoroughness of 

honesty was as strongly engrained in the scientific as in the moral 

side of his character。



In the first week of our acquaintance; the electric telegraph and; 

particularly; submarine cables; and the methods; machines; and 

instruments for laying; testing; and using them; formed naturally 

the chief subject of our conversations and discussions; as it was 

in fact the practical object of Jenkin's visit to me in Glasgow; 

but not much of the week had passed before I found him remarkably 

interested in science generally; and full of intelligent eagerness 

on many particular questions of dynamics and physics。  When he 

returned from Glasgow to Birkenhead a correspondence commenced 

between us; which was continued without intermission up to the last 

days of his life。  It commenced with a well…sustained fire of 

letters on each side about the physical qualities of submarine 

cables; and the practical results attainable in the way of rapid 

signalling through them。  Jenkin used excellently the valuable 

opportunities for experiment allowed him by Newall; and his partner 

Lewis Gordon; at their Birkenhead factory。  Thus he began definite 

scientific investigation of the copper resistance of the conductor; 

and the insulating resistance and specific inductive capacity of 

its gutta…percha coating; in the factory; in various stages of 

manufacture; and he was the very first to introduce systematically 

into practice the grand system of absolute measurement founded in 

Germany by Gauss and Weber。  The immense value of this step; if 

only in respect to the electric telegraph; is amply appreciated by 

all who remember or who have read something of the history of 

submarine telegraphy; but it can scarcely be known generally how 

much it is due to Jenkin。



Looking to the article 'Telegraph (Electric)' in the last volume of 

the old edition of the 'Encyclopaedia Britannica;' which was 

published about the year 1861; we find on record that Jenkin's 

measurements in absolute units of the specific resistance of pure 

gutta…percha; and of the gutta…percha with Chatterton's compound 

constituting the insulation of the Red Sea cable of 1859; are given 

as the only results in the way of absolute measurements of the 

electric resistance of an insulating material which had then been 

made。  These remarks are prefaced in the 'Encyclopaedia' article by 

the following statement:  'No telegraphic testing ought in future 

to be accepted in any department of telegraphic business which has 

not this definite character; although it is only within the last 

year that convenient instruments for working; in absolute measure; 

have been introduced at all; and the whole system of absolute 

measure is still almost unknown to practical electricians。'



A particular result of great importance in respect to testing is 

referred to as follows in the 'Encyclopaedia' article:  'The 

importance of having results thus stated in absolute measure is 

illustrated by the circumstance; that the writer has been able at 

once to compare them; in the manner stated in a preceding 

paragraph; with his own previous deductions from the testings of 

the Atlantic cable during its manufacture in 1857; and with Weber's 

measurements of the specific resistance of copper。'  It has now 

become universally adapted … first of all in England; twenty…two 

years later by Germany; the country of its birth; and by France and 

Italy; and all the other countries of Europe and America … 

practically the whole scientific world … at the Electrical Congress 

in Paris in the years 1882 and 1884。



An important paper of thirty quarto pages published in the 

'Transactions of the Royal Society' for June 19; 1862; under the 

title 'Experimental Researches on the Transmission of Electric 

Signals through submarine cables; Part I。  Laws of Transmission 

through various lengths of one cable; by Fleeming Jenkin; Esq。; 

communicated by C。 Wheatstone; Esq。; F。R。S。;' contains an account 

of a large part of Jenkin's experimental work in the Birkenhead 

factory during the years 1859 and 1860。  This paper is called Part 

I。  Part II。 alas never appeared; but something that it would have 

included we can see from the following ominous statement which I 

find near the end of Part I。:  'From this value; the 

electrostatical capacity per unit of length and the specific 

inductive capacity of the dielectric; could be determined。  These 

points will; however; be more fully treated of in the second part 

of this paper。'  Jenkin had in fact made a determination at 

Birkenhead of the specific inductive capacity of gutta…percha; or 

of the gutta…percha and Chatterton's compound constituting the 

insulation of the cable; on which he experimented。  This was the 

very first true measurement of the specific inductive capacity of a 

dielectric which had been made after the discovery by Faraday of 

the existence of the property; and his primitive measurement of it 

for the three substances; glass; shellac; and sulphur; and at the 

time when Jenkin made his measurements the existence of specific 

inductive capacity was either unknown; or ignored; or denied; by 

almost all the scientific authorities of the day。



The original determination of the microfarad; brought out under the 

auspices of the British Association Committee on Electrical 

Standards; is due to experimental work by Jenkin; described in a 

paper; 'Experiments on Capacity;' constituting No。 IV。 of the 

appendix to the Report presented by the Committee to the Dundee 

Meeting of 1867。  No other determination; so far as I know; of this 

important element of electric measurement has hitherto been made; 

and it is no small thing to be proud of in respect to Jenkin's fame 

as a scientific and practical electrician that the microfarad which 

we now all use is his。



The British Association unit of electrical resistance; on which was 

founded the first practical approximation to absolute measurement 

on the system of Gauss and Weber; was largely due to Jenkin's zeal 

as one of the originators; and persevering energy as a working 

member; of the first Electrical Standards Committee。  The 

experimental work of first making practical standards; founded on 

the absolute system; which led to the unit now known as the British 

Association ohm; was chiefly performed by Clerk Maxwell and Jenkin。  

The realisation of the great practical benefit which has resulted 

from the experimental and scientific work of the Committee is 

certainly in a large measure due to Jenkin's zeal
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