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a footnote to history-第2部分

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matter; no one need be surprised to hear that the land is full of 

war and rumours of war。  Scarce a year goes by but what some 

province is in arms; or sits sulky and menacing; holding 

parliaments; disregarding the king's proclamations and planting 

food in the bush; the first step of military preparation。  The 

religious sentiment of the people is indeed for peace at any price; 

no pastor can bear arms; and even the layman who does so is denied 

the sacraments。  In the last war the college of Malua; where the 

picked youth are prepared for the ministry; lost but a single 

student; the rest; in the bosom of a bleeding country; and deaf to 

the voices of vanity and honour; peacefully pursued their studies。  

But if the church looks askance on war; the warrior in no extremity 

of need or passion forgets his consideration for the church。  The 

houses and gardens of her ministers stand safe in the midst of 

armies; a way is reserved for themselves along the beach; where 

they may be seen in their white kilts and jackets openly passing 

the lines; while not a hundred yards behind the skirmishers will be 

exchanging the useless volleys of barbaric warfare。  Women are also 

respected; they are not fired upon; and they are suffered to pass 

between the hostile camps; exchanging gossip; spreading rumour; and 

divulging to either army the secret councils of the other。  This is 

plainly no savage war; it has all the punctilio of the barbarian; 

and all his parade; feasts precede battles; fine dresses and songs 

decorate and enliven the field; and the young soldier comes to camp 

burning (on the one hand) to distinguish himself by acts of valour; 

and (on the other) to display his acquaintance with field 

etiquette。  Thus after Mataafa became involved in hostilities 

against the Germans; and had another code to observe beside his 

own; he was always asking his white advisers if 〃things were done 

correctly。〃  Let us try to be as wise as Mataafa; and to conceive 

that etiquette and morals differ in one country and another。  We 

shall be the less surprised to find Samoan war defaced with some 

unpalatable customs。  The childish destruction of fruit…trees in an 

enemy's country cripples the resources of Samoa; and the habit of 

head…hunting not only revolts foreigners; but has begun to exercise 

the minds of the natives themselves。  Soon after the German heads 

were taken; Mr。 Carne; Wesleyan missionary; had occasion to visit 

Mataafa's camp; and spoke of the practice with abhorrence。  〃Misi 

Kane;〃 said one chief; 〃we have just been puzzling ourselves to 

guess where that custom came from。  But; Misi; is it not so that 

when David killed Goliath; he cut off his head and carried it 

before the king?〃



With the civil life of the inhabitants we have far less to do; and 

yet even here a word of preparation is inevitable。  They are easy; 

merry; and pleasure…loving; the gayest; though by far from either 

the most capable or the most beautiful of Polynesians。  Fine dress 

is a passion; and makes a Samoan festival a thing of beauty。  Song 

is almost ceaseless。  The boatman sings at the oar; the family at 

evening worship; the girls at night in the guest…house; sometimes 

the workman at his toil。  No occasion is too small for the poets 

and musicians; a death; a visit; the day's news; the day's 

pleasantry; will be set to rhyme and harmony。  Even half…grown 

girls; the occasion arising; fashion words and train choruses of 

children for its celebration。  Song; as with all Pacific islanders; 

goes hand in hand with the dance; and both shade into the drama。  

Some of the performances are indecent and ugly; some only dull; 

others are pretty; funny; and attractive。  Games are popular。  

Cricket…matches; where a hundred played upon a side; endured at 

times for weeks; and ate up the country like the presence of an 

army。  Fishing; the daily bath; flirtation; courtship; which is 

gone upon by proxy; conversation; which is largely political; and 

the delights of public oratory; fill in the long hours。



But the special delight of the Samoan is the MALANGA。  When people 

form a party and go from village to village; junketing and 

gossiping; they are said to go on a MALANGA。  Their songs have 

announced their approach ere they arrive; the guest…house is 

prepared for their reception; the virgins of the village attend to 

prepare the kava bowl and entertain them with the dance; time flies 

in the enjoyment of every pleasure which an islander conceives; and 

when the MALANGA sets forth; the same welcome and the same joys 

expect them beyond the next cape; where the nearest village nestles 

in its grove of palms。  To the visitors it is all golden; for the 

hosts; it has another side。  In one or two words of the language 

the fact peeps slyly out。  The same word (AFEMOEINA) expresses 〃a 

long call〃 and 〃to come as a calamity〃; the same word (LESOLOSOLOU) 

signifies 〃to have no intermission of pain〃 and 〃to have no 

cessation; as in the arrival of visitors〃; and SOUA; used of 

epidemics; bears the sense of being overcome as with 〃fire; flood; 

or visitors。〃  But the gem of the dictionary is the verb ALOVAO; 

which illustrates its pages like a humorous woodcut。  It is used in 

the sense of 〃to avoid visitors;〃 but it means literally 〃hide in 

the wood。〃  So; by the sure hand of popular speech; we have the 

picture of the house deserted; the MALANGA disappointed; and the 

host that should have been quaking in the bush。



We are thus brought to the beginning of a series of traits of 

manners; highly curious in themselves; and essential to an 

understanding of the war。  In Samoa authority sits on the one hand 

entranced; on the other; property stands bound in the midst of 

chartered marauders。  What property exists is vested in the family; 

not in the individual; and of the loose communism in which a family 

dwells; the dictionary may yet again help us to some idea。  I find 

a string of verbs with the following senses:  to deal leniently 

with; as in helping oneself from a family plantation; to give away 

without consulting other members of the family; to go to strangers 

for help instead of to relatives; to take from relatives without 

permission; to steal from relatives; to have plantations robbed by 

relatives。  The ideal of conduct in the family; and some of its 

depravations; appear here very plainly。  The man who (in a native 

word of praise) is MATA…AINGA; a race…regarder; has his hand always 

open to his kindred; the man who is not (in a native term of 

contempt) NOA; knows always where to turn in any pinch of want or 

extremity of laziness。  Beggary within the family … and by the less 

self…respecting; without it … has thus grown into a custom and a 

scourge; and the dictionary teems with evidence of its abuse。  

Special words signify the begging of food; of uncooked food; of 

fish; of pigs; of pigs for travellers; of pigs for stock; of taro; 

of taro…tops; of taro…tops for planting; of tools; of flyhooks; of 

implements for netting pigeons; and of mats。  It is true the beggar 

was supposed in time to make a return; somewhat as by the Roman 

contract of MUTUUM。  But the obligation was only moral; it could 

not be; or was not; enforced; as a matter of fact; it was 

disregarded。  The language had recently to borrow from the 

Tahitians a word for debt; while by a significant excidence; it 

possessed a native expression for the failure to pay … 〃to omit to 

make a return for property begged。〃  Conceive now the position of 

the householder besieged by harpies; and all defence denied him by 

the laws of honour。  The sacramental gesture of refusal; his last 

and single resource; was supposed to signify 〃my house is 

destitute。〃  Until that point was reached; in other words; the 

conduct prescribed for a Samoan was to give and to continue giving。  

But it does not appear he was at all expected to give with a good 

grace。  The dictionary is well stocked with expressions standing 

ready; like missiles; to be discharged upon the locusts … 〃troop of 

shamefaced ones;〃 〃you draw in your head like a tern;〃 〃you make 

your voice small like a whistle…pipe;〃 〃you beg like one 

delirious〃; and the verb PONGITAI; 〃to look cross;〃 is equipped 

with the pregnant rider; 〃as at the sight of beggars。〃



This insolence of beggars and the weakness of proprietors can only 

be illustrated by examples。  We have a girl in our service to whom 

we had given some finery; that she might wait at table; and (at her 

own request) some warm clothing against the cold mornings of the 

bush。  She went on a visit to her family; and returned in an old 

tablecloth; her whole wardrobe having been divided out among 

relatives in the course of twenty…four hours。  A pastor in the 

province of Atua; being a handy; busy man; bought a boat for a 

hundred dollars; fifty of which he paid down。  Presently after; 

relatives came to him upon a visit and took a fancy to his new 

possession。  〃We have long been wanting a boat;〃 said they。  〃Give 

us this one。〃  So; when the visit was done; they departed in the 

boat。  The pastor; meanwhile; travelled into Savaii the best way he 

could; sold a parcel of land; and begged mats among his other 

relatives; to pay the remainder of the price of the boat which was 

no longer his。  You might think this was enough; but some months 

later; the harpies; having broken a thwart; brought back the boat 

to be repaired and repainted by the original owner。



Such customs; it might be argued; being double…edged; will 

ultimately right themselves。  But it is otherwise in practice。  

Such folk as the pastor's harpy relatives will generally have a 

boat; and will never have paid for it; such men as the pastor may 

have sometimes paid for a boat; but they will never have one。  It 

is there as it is with us at home:  the measure of the abuse of 
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