criminal psychology-第123部分

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te；　and　exercise　their　influence　even　at　the　beginning　of　the　service。　Socialists　complain　justly　about　this　matter。　The　most　responsible　positions　are　occupied　by　chronically　fatigued　individuals；　and　when　nature　extorts　her　rights　we　punish　the　helpless　men。

The　case　is　the　same　with　people　who　have　much　to　do　with　　moneytax；　post；　bank；　and　treasury　officials；　who　are　obliged　to　attend　rigorously　to　monotonous　workthe　reception　and　distribution　of　money；　easily　grow　tired。　Men　of　experience　in　this　profession　have　assured　me　that　they　often；　when　fatigued；　take　money；　count　it；　sign　a　receipt　and　thenreturn　the　money　to　the　person　who　brought　it。　Fortunately　they　recognize　their　mistake　in　the　astonishment　of　the　receiver。　If；　however；　they　do　not　recognize　it；　or　the　receiver　is　sly　enough　calmly　to　walk　off　with　the　money；　if　the　sum　is　great　and　restitution　not　easily　possible；　and　if；　moreover；　the　official　happens　to　be　in　the　bad　graces　of　his　superiors；　he　does　not　have　much　chance　in　the　prosecution　for　embezzlement；　which　is　more　likely　than　not　to　be　begun　against　him。＇1＇　Any　affection；　any　stimulus；　any　fatigue　may　tend　to　make　people　passive；　and　hence；　less　able　to　defend　themselves。

A　well　known　Berlin　psychiatrist　tells　the　following　story：　‘‘When　I　was　still　an　apprentice　in　an　asylum；　I　always　carried　the　keys　of　the　cells　with　me。　One　day　I　went　to　the　opera；　and　had　a　seat　in　the　parquette。　Between　the　acts　I　went　into　the　corridor。　On　returning　I　made　a　mistake；　and　saw　before　me　a　door　which　had　the　same　kind　of　lock　as　the　cell…doors　in　the　asylum；　stuck　my　hand　into　my　pocket；　took　out　my　keywhich　fitted；　and　found　myself　suddenly　in　a　loge。　Now　would　it　not　be　possible　in　this　way；　purely　by　reflex　action；　to　turn　into　a　burglar？''　Of　course　we　should　hardly　believe　a　known　burglar　if　he　were　to　tell　us　such　a　story。


（e）　_The　Lie_。　Section　108。　（I）　I。　General　Considerations。

In　a　certain　sense　a　large　part　of　the　criminalist's　work　is　nothing　more　than　a　battle　against　lies。　He　has　to　discover　the　truth　and　must　fight　the　opposite。　He　meets　this　opposite　at　every　step。　The　accused；　often　one　who　has　confessed　completely；　many　of　the　witnesses；　try　to　get　advantage　of　him；　and　frequently　he　has　to　struggle　with　himself　when　he　perceives　that　he　is　working　in　a　direction　which　he　can　not　completely　justify。　Utterly　to　vanquish　the　lie；　particularly　in　our　work；　is　of　course；　impossible；　and　to　describe　its　nature　exhaustively　is　to　write　a　natural　history　of　mankind。　We　must　limit　ourselves　to　the　consideration　of　a　definite　number　of　means；　great　and　small；　which　will　make　our　work　easier；


＇1＇　Cf。　Lohsing　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv　VII；　331。

　will　warn　us　of　the　presence　of　deception；　and　will　prevent　its　playing　a　part。　I　have　attempted　to　compile　forms　of　it　according　to　intent；　and　will　here　add　a　few　words。＇1＇

That　by　the　lie　is　meant　the　intentional　deliverance　of　a　conscious　untruth　for　the　purpose　of　deception　is　as　familiar　as　the　variety　of　opinion　concerning　the　permissibility　of　so…called　necessary　lies；　of　the　pious；　of　the　pedagogic；　and　the　conventional。　We　have　to　assume　here　the　standpoint　of　absolute　rigorism；　and　to　say　with　Kant；＇2＇　‘‘The　lie　in　its　mere　form　is　man's　crime　against　his　own　nature；　and　is　a　vice　which　must　make　a　man　disreputable　in　his　own　eyes。''　We　can　not　actually　think　of　a　single　case　in　which　we　find　any　ground　for　lying。　For　we　lawyers　need　have　no　pedagogical　duties；　nor　are　we　compelled　to　teach　people　manners；　and　a　situation　in　which　we　may　save　ourselves　by　lying　is　unthinkable。　Of　course；　we　will　not　speak　all　we　know；　indeed；　a　proper　silence　is　a　sign　of　a　good　criminalist；　but　we　need　never　lie。　The　beginner　must　especially　learn　that　the　‘‘good　intention''　to　serve　the　case　and　the　so…called　excusing　‘‘eagerness　to　do　one's　duty；''　by　which　little　lies　are　sometimes　justified；　have　absolutely　no　worth。　An　incidental　word　as　if　the　accomplice　had　confessed；　an　expression　intending　to　convey　that　you　know　more　than　you　do；　a　perversion　of　some　earlier　statement　of　the　witness；　and　similar　‘‘permissible　tricks；''　can　not　be　cheaper　than　the　cheapest　things。　Their　use　results　only　in　one's　own　shame；　and　if　they　fail；　the　defense　has　the　advantage。　The　lost　ground　can　never　be　regained。＇3＇

Nor　is　it　permissible　to　lie　by　gestures　and　actions　any　more　than　by　words。　These；　indeed；　are　dangerous；　because　a　movement　of　the　hand；　a　reaching　for　the　bell；　a　sudden　rising；　may　be　very　effective　under　circumstances。　They　easily　indicate　that　the　judge　knows　more　about　the　matter　than　he　really　does；　or　suggest　that　his　information　is　greater；　etc。　They　make　the　witness　or　defendant　think　that　the　judge　is　already　certain　about　the　nature　of　the　case；　that　he　has　resolved　upon　important　measures；　and　other　such　things。　Now　movements　of　this　kind　are　not　recorded；　and　in　case　the　denial　of　blame　is　not　serious；　a　young　criminalist　allows　himself　easily　to　be　misled　by　his　desire　for　efficiency。　Even　accident　may　help。　When　I　was　examining　justice　I　had　to　hear　the　testimony　of　a　rather　weak…minded　lad；　who　was　suspected　of　having　stolen　and　hidden　a　large　sum　of　money。　The　lad　firmly　and　cleverly　denied


＇1＇　Cf。　my　Manual；　‘‘When　the　witness　is　unwilling　to　tell　the　truth。''

＇2＇　Kant　：　‘‘ber　ein　vermeintliches　Recht；　aus　Menschenliebe　zu　lgen。''

＇3＇　A　sentence　is　here　omitted。　＇Translator。＇

　his　guilt。　During　the　examination　a　comrade　entered　who　had　something　official　to　tell　me；　and　inasmuch　as　I　was　in　the　midst　of　dictation　he　wanted　to　wait　until　the　end　of　the　sentence。　Happening　to　see　two　swords　that　had　just　been　brought　from　a　student　duel；　he　took　one　in　his　hand　and　examined　the　hilt；　the　point　and　the　blade。　The　defendant　hardly　saw　this　action　before　he　got　frightened；　raised　his　hands；　ran　to　the　sword…examiner；　crying　‘‘I　confess；　I　confess！　I　took　the　money　and　hid　it　in　the　hollow　hickory　tree。''

This　event　was　rather　funny。　Another；　however；　led；　I　will　not　say　to　self…reproach；　but　to　considerable　disquiet　on　my　part。　A　man　was　suspected　of　having　killed　his　two　small　children。　As　the　bodies　were　not　found　I　undertook　a　careful　search　of　his　home；　of　the　oven；　of　the　cellar；　the　drains；　etc。　In　the　latter　we　found　a　great　deal　of　animal　entrails；　apparently　rabbits。　As　at　the　time　of　this　discovery　I　had　no　notion　of　where　they　belonged；　I　took　them；　and　in　the　meantime　had　them　preserved　in　alcohol。　The　great　glass　receptacle　which　contained　them　stood　on　my　writing　table　when　I　had　the　accused　brought　in　to　answer　certain　questions　about　one　or　two　suspicious　matters　we　had　discovered。　He　looked　anxiously　at　the　glass；　and　said　suddenly；　‘‘Since　you　have　got　it　all；　I　must　confess。''　Almost　reflexly　I　asked；　‘‘Where　are　the　corpses？''　and　he　immediately　answered　that　he　had　hidden　them　in　the　environs　of　the　city；　where　they　were　found。　Clearly；　the　glass　containing　the　intestines　had　led　him　to　the　notion　that　the　bodies　were　found　and　in　part　preserved　here；　and　when　I　asked　him　where　they　were　he　did　not　observe　how　illogical　the　question　would　be　if　the　bodies　had　really　been　found。　The　whole　thing　was　a　matter　of　accident；　but　I　still　have　the　feeling　that　the　confession　was　not　properly　obtained；　that　I　should　have　thought　of　the　effect　of　the　glass　and　should　have　provided　against　it　before　the　accused　was　brought　before　me。

In　the　daily　life　such　an　open　procedure　is；　of　course；　impossible；　and　if　the　circumstances　were　to　be　taken　for　what　they　seem　we　should　frequently　make　mistakes。　Everybody　knows；　e。　g。；　how　very　few　happy　marriages　there　are。　But　how　do　we　know　it？　Only　because　the　fortune　of　close　observation　always　indicates　that　the　relation　is　in　no　way　so　happy　as　one　would　like　it　to　be。　And　externally？　Has　anybody　ever　seen　in　even　half…educated　circles　a　street　quarrel　between　husband　and　wife？　How　well…mannered　they　are　in　society；　and　how　little　they　show　their　disinclination　for　　each　other。　And　all　this　is　a　lie　in　word　and　deed；　and　when　we　have　to　deal　with　it　in　a　criminal　case　we　judge　according　to　the　purely　external　things　that　we　and　others　have　observed。　Social　reasons；　deference　for　public　opinion　which　must　often　be　deceived；　the　feeling　of　duty　toward　children；　not　infrequently　compel　deception　of　the　world。　The　number　of　fortunate　marriages　is　mainly　overestimated。＇1＇

We　see　the　same　thing　with　regard　to　property；　the　attitude　of　parents　and　children；　the　relation　between　superiors　and　inferiors；　even　in　the　condition　of　health；conduct　in　all　these　cases　does　not　reveal　the　true　state　of　affairs。　One　after　another；　people　are　fooled；　until　finally　the　world　believes　what　it　is　told　and　the　court　hears　the　belief　sworn　to　as　absolute　truth。　It　is；　perhaps；　not　too　much　to　say　that　we　are　far　more　deceived　by　appearances　than　by　words。　Public　opinion　should　least　of　all　impose　on　us。　And　yet　it　is　through　public　opinion　that　we　learn　the　external　relations　of　the　people　who　come　before　us。　It　is　called　vox　populi　and　is　really　rot。　The　phrases；　‘‘they　say；''　‘‘everybody　knows；''　‘‘nobody　doubts；''　‘‘as　most　neighbors　agree；''　and　however　else　these　seeds　of　dishonesty　and　slander　may　be　designatedall　these　phrases　must　disappear　from　our　papers　and　procedure。　They　indicate　only　appearancesonly　what　people　_*wanted_　to　have　seen。　They　do　not　reveal　the　real　and　the　hidden。　Law　too　frequently　makes　normative　use　of　the　maxim　that　the　bad　world　says　it　and　the　good　one　believes　it。　It　even　constructs　its　judgments　thereby。

Not　infrequently　the　uttered　lies　must　be　supported　by　actions。　It　is　well…known　that　we　seem　merry；　angry；　or　friendly　only　when　we　excite　these　feelings　by　certain　gestures；　imitations　and　physical　attitudes。　Anger　is　not　easily　simulated　with　an　unclenched　fist；　immovable　feet；　and　uncontracted　brow。　These　gestures　are　required　for　the　appearance　of　real　anger。　And　how　very　real　it　becomes；　and　how　very　real　all　other　emotions　become　because　of　the　appropriate　gestures　and　actions；　is　familiar。　We　learn；　hence；　that　the　earnest　assertor　of　his　innocence　finally　begins　to　believe　in　it　a　little；　or　altogether。　And　lying　w