criminal psychology-第16部分

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are　much　confused　by　blushing　and　really　do　not　know　what　they　are　talking　about　while　doing　it。　There　is　no　third　thing　which　is　the　cause　of　the　blush　and　of　the　confusion；　the　blush　itself　is　the　cause　of　the　confusion。　This　may　be　indubitably　confirmed　by　anybody　who　has　the　agreeable　property　of　blushing　and　therefore　is　of　some　experience　in　the　matter。　I　should　never　dare　to　make　capital　of　any　statement　made　during　the　blush。　Friedreich　calls　attention　to　the　fact　that　people　who　are　for　the　first　time　subject　to　the　procedure　of　the　law　courts　blush　and　lose　color　more　easily　than　such　as　are　accustomed　to　it；　so　that　the　unaccustomed　scene　also　contributes　to　the　confusion。　Meynert＇1＇　states　the　matter　explicitly：　‘‘The　blush　always　depends　upon　a　far…reaching　association…　process　in　which　the　complete　saturation　of　the　contemporaneously…　excited　nervous　elements　constricts　the　orderly　movement　of　the　mental　process；　inasmuch　as　here　also　the　simplicity　of　contemporaneously…occurring　activities　of　the　brain　determines　the　scope　of　the　function　of　association。''　How　convincing　this　definition　is　becomes　clear　on　considering　the　processes　in　question。　Let　us　think　of　some　person　accused　of　a　crime　to　whom　the　ground　of　accusation　is　presented　for　the　first　time；　and　to　whom　the　judge　after　that　presents　the　skilfully　constructed　proof　of　his　guilt　by　means　of　individual　bits　of　evidence。　Now　think　of　the　mass　of　thoughts　here　excited；　even　if　the　accused　is　innocent。　The　deed　itself　is　foreign　to　him；　he　must　imagine　that；　should　any　relation　to　it　（e。　g。　presence　at　the　place　where　the　deed　was　done；　interest　in　it；　ownership　of　the　object；　etc。）　be　present　to　his　mind；　he　must　become　clear　concerning　this　relationship；　while　at　the　same　time　the　possibilities　of　excusealibi；　ownership　of　the　thing；　etc。storm　upon　him。　Then　only　does　he　consider　the　particular　reasons　of　suspicion　which　he　must；　in　some　degree；　incarnate　and　represent　in　their　dangerous　character；　and　for　each　of

＇1＇　Th。　Meynert：　Psychiatry。　Vienna　1884。

　which　he　must　find　a　separate　excuse。　We　have　here　some　several　dozens　of　thought…series；　which　start　their　movement　at　the　same　time　and　through　each　other。　If　at　that　time　an　especially　dangerous　apparent　proof　is　brought；　and　if　the　accused；　recognizing　this　danger；　blushes　with　fear；　the　examiner　thinks：　‘‘Now　I　have　caught　the　rascal；　for　he's　blushing！　Now　let's　go　ahead　quickly；　speed　the　examination　and　enter　the　confused　answer　in　the　protocol！　‘‘And　who　believes　the　accused　when；　later　on；　he　withdraws　the　‘‘confession''　and　asserts　that　he　had　said　the　thing　because　they　had　mixed　him　up？

In　this　notion；　‘‘you　blush；　therefore　you　have　lied；　you　did　it！''　lie　many　sins　the　commission　of　which　is　begun　at　the　time　of　admonishing　little　children　and　ended　with　obtaining　the　‘‘confessions''　of　the　murderous　thief。

Finally；　it　is　not　to　be　forgotten　that　there　are　cases　of　blushing　which　have　nothing　to　do　with　psychical　processes。　Ludwig　Meyer＇1＇　calls　it　‘‘artificial　blushing''　（better；　‘‘mechanically　developed　blushing''）；　and　narrates　the　case　of　‘‘easily…irritated　women　who　could　develop　a　blush　with　the　least　touch　of　friction；　e。　g。；　of　the　face　on　a　pillow；　rubbing　with　the　hand；　etc。；　and　this　blush　could　not　be　distinguished　from　the　ordinary　blush。''　We　may　easily　consider　that　such　lightly　irritable　women　may　be　accused；　come　before　the　court　without　being　recognized　as　such；　and；　for　example；　cover　their　faces　with　their　hands　and　blush。　Then　the　thing　might　be　called　‘‘evidential。''


Section　12。　（b）　General　Signs　of　Character。


Friedrich　Gerstcker；　in　one　of　his　most　delightful　moods；　says　somewhere　that　the　best　characteristicon　of　a　man　is　how　he　wears　his　hat。　If　he　wears　it　perpendicular；　he　is　honest；　pedantic　and　boresome。　If　he　wears　it　tipped　slightly；　he　belongs　to　the　best　and　most　interesting　people；　is　nimble…witted　and　pleasant。　A　deeply　tipped　hat　indicates　frivolity　and　obstinate　imperious　nature。　A　hat　worn　on　the　back　of　the　head　signifies　improvidence；　easiness；　conceit；　sensuality　and　extravagance；　the　farther　back　the　more　dangerous　is　the　position　of　the　wearer。　The　man　who　presses　his　hat　against　his　temples　complains；　is　melancholy；　and　in　a　bad　way。　It　is　now　many　years　since　I　have　read　this　exposition　by　the　much…　traveled　and　experienced　author；　and　I　have　thought　countless　times　how　right　he　was；　but　also；　how　there　may　be　numberless　similar

＇1＇　L。　Meyer：　ber　knstliches　Errten。　Westphals。　Archiv；　IV。

　marks　of　recognition　which　show　as　much　as　the　manner　of　wearing　a　hat。　There　are　plenty　of　similar　expositions　to　be　known；　one　man　seeks　to　recognize　the　nature　of　others　by　their　manner　of　wearing　and　using　shoes；　the　other　by　the　manipulation　of　an　umbrella；　and　the　prudent　mother　advises　her　son　how　the　candidate　for　bride　behaves　toward　a　groom　lying　on　the　floor；　or　how　she　eats　cheesethe　extravagant　one　cuts　the　rind　away　thick；　the　miserly　one　eats　the　rind；　the　right　one　cuts　the　rind　away　thin　and　carefully。　Many　people　judge　families；　hotel　guests；　and　inhabitants　of　a　city；　and　not　without　reason；　according　to　the　comfort　and　cleanliness　of　their　privies。

Lazarus　has　rightly　called　to　mind　what　is　told　by　the　pious　Chr。　von　Schmidt；　concerning　the　clever　boy　who　lies　under　a　tree　and　recognizes　the　condition　of　every　passer…by　according　to　what　he　says。　‘‘What　fine　lumber；''‘‘Good…morning；　carpenter；''　‘‘What　magnificent　bark；''Good…morning；　tanner；''‘‘What　beautiful　branches；''‘‘Good…morning；　painter。''　This　significant　story　shows　us　how　easy　it　is　with　a　little　observation　to　perceive　things　that　might　otherwise　have　been　hidden。　With　what　subtle　clearness　it　shows　how　effective　is　the　egoism　which　makes　each　man　first　of　all；　and　in　most　cases　exclusively；　perceive　what　most　concerns　him　as　most　prominent！　And　in　addition　men　so　eagerly　and　often　present　us　the　chance　for　the　deepest　insight　into　their　souls　that　we　need　only　to　open　our　eyesseeing　and　interpreting　is　so　childishly　easy！　Each　one　of　us　experiences　almost　daily　the　most　instructive　things；　e。　g。　through　the　window　of　my　study　I　could　look　into　a　great　garden　in　which　a　house　was　being　built；　when　the　carpenters　left　in　the　evening　they　put　two　blocks　at　the　entrance　and　put　a　board　on　them　crosswise。　Later　there　came　each　evening　a　gang　of　youngsters　who　found　in　this　place　a　welcome　playground。　That　obstruction　which　they　had　to　pass　gave　me　an　opportunity　to　notice　the　expression　of　their　characters。　One　ran　quickly　and　jumped　easily　over；that　one　will　progress　easily　and　quickly　in　his　life。　Another　approached　carefully；　climbed　slowly　up　the　board　and　as　cautiously　descended　on　the　other　side　careful；　thoughtful；　and　certain。　The　third　climbed　up　and　jumped　downa　deed　purposeless；　incidental；　uninforming。　The　fourth　ran　energetically　to　the　obstruction；　then　stopped　and　crawled　boldly　underneathdisgusting　boy　who　nevertheless　will　have　carried　his　job　ahead。　Then；　again；　there　came　a　fifth　who　jumped；　but　too　low；　remained　hanging　and　tumbled；　he　got　up；　rubbed　his　　knee；　went　back；　ran　again　and　came　over　magnificentlyand　how　magnificently　will　he　achieve　all　things　in　life；　for　he　has　will；　fearlessness；　and　courageous　endurance！he　can't　sink。　Finally　a　sixth　came　storming　alongone　step；　and　board　and　blocks　fell　together　crashing；　but　he　proudly　ran　over　the　obstruction；　and　those　who　came　behind　him　made　use　of　the　open　way。　He　is　of　the　people　who　go　through　life　as　path…finders；　we　get　our　great　men　from　among　such。

Well；　all　this　is　just　a　game；　and　no　one　would　dare　to　draw　conclusions　concerning　our　so　serious　work　from　such　observations　merely。　But　they　can　have　a　corroborative　value　if　they　are　well　done；　when　large　numbers；　and　not　an　isolated　few；　are　brought　together；　and　when　appropriate　analogies　are　brought　from　appropriate　cases。　Such　studies；　which　have　to　be　sought　in　the　daily　life　itself；　permit　easy　development；　if　observations　have　been　clearly　made；　correctly　apprehended；　and　if；　especially；　the　proper　notions　have　been　drawn　from　them；　they　are　easily　to　be　observed；　stick　in　the　memory；　and　come　willingly　at　the　right　moment。　But　they　must　then　serve　only　as　indices；　they　must　only　suggest：　‘‘perhaps　the　case　is　the　same　to…day。''　And　that　means　a　good　deal；　a　point　of　view　for　the　taking　of　evidence　is　established；　not；　of　course；　proof　as　such；　or　a　bit　of　evidence；　but　a　way　of　receiving　it；perhaps　a　false　one。　But　if　one　proceeds　carefully　along　this　way；　it　shows　its　falseness　immediately；　and　another　presented　by　memory　shows　us　another　way　that　is　perhaps　correct。

The　most　important　thing　in　this　matter　is　to　get　a　general　view　of　the　human　specimenand　incidentally；　nobody　needs　more　to　do　this　than　the　criminalist。　For　most　of　us　the　person　before　us　is　only　‘‘A；　suspected　of　_x_。''　But　our　man　is　rather　more　than　that；　and　especially　he　was　rather　more　before　he　became　‘‘A　suspected　of　_x_。''　Hence；　the　greatest　mistake；　and；　unfortunately；　the　commonest；　committed　by　the　judge；　is　his　failure　to　discuss　with　the　prisoner　his　more　or　less　necessary　earlier　life。　Is　it　not　known　that　every　deed　is　an　outcome　of　the　total　character　of　the　doer？　Is　it　not　considered　that　deed　and　character　are　correlative　concepts；　and　that　the　character　by　means　of　which　the　deed　is　to　be　established　cannot　be　inferred　from　the　deed　alone？　‘‘Crime　is　the　product　of　the　physiologically　grounded　psyche　of　the　criminal　and　his　environing　external　conditions。''　（Liszt）。　Each　particular　deed　is　thinkable　only　when　a　determinate　character　of　the　doer　is　brought　in　relation　with　ita　certain　character　predisposes　to　　determinate　deeds；　another　character　makes　them　unthinkable　and　unrelatable　with　this　or　that　person。　But　who　thinks　to　know　the　character　of　a　man　without　knowing　his　view　of　the　world；　and　who　talks　of　their　world…views　with　his　criminals？　‘‘Whoever　wants　to　learn　to　know　men；''　says　Hippel；＇1＇　‘‘must　judge　them　according　to　their　wishes；''　and　it　is　the　opinion　of　Struve：＇2＇　‘‘A　man's　belief　indicates　his　purpose。''　But　who　of　us　asks　his　criminals　about　their　wishes　and　beliefs？

If