criminal psychology-第21部分

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an　object　when　the　latter　set　in　his　way　some　special　difficulties　or　caused　him　pain；　and　he　remembers　how　he　created　considerable　ease　for　himself　by　flinging　it　aside；　tearing　it　or　smashing　it　to　pieces。　When　I　was　a　student　I　owned　a　very　old；　thick　Latin　lexicon；　‘‘Kirschii　cornu　copia；''　bound　in　wood　covered　with　pigskin。　This　respectable　book　flew　to　the　ground　whenever　its　master　was　vexed；　and　never　failed　profoundly　to　reduce　the　inner　stress。　This　‘‘Kirschius''　was　inherited　from　my　great…grandfather　and　it　did　not　suffer　much　damage。　When；　however；　some　poor　apprentice　tears　the　fence；　on　a　nail　of　which　his　only　coat　got　a　bad　tear；　or

＇1＇　Cf。　Ncke　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv；　I；　200；　IX；　153。

　when　a　young　peasant　kills　the　dog　that　barks　at　him　menacingly　and　tries　to　get　at　his　calf；　then　we　come　along　with　our　‘‘damages　according　to　so　and　so　much；''　and　the　fellow　hasn't　done　any　more　than　I　have　with　my　‘‘Kirschius。''＇1＇　In　the　magnificent　novel；　‘‘Auch　Einer；''　by　F。　T。　Vischer；　there　is　an　excellent　portrait　of　the　perversity　of　things；　the　author　asserts　that　things　rather　frequently　hold　ecumenical　councils　with　the　devil　for　the　molestation　of　mankind。

How　far　the　perversity　of　the　inanimate　can　lead　I　saw　in　a　criminal　case　in　which　a　big　isolated　hay…stack　was　set　on　fire。　A　traveler　was　going　across　the　country　and　sought　shelter　against　oncoming　bad　weather。　The　very　last　minute　before　a　heavy　shower　he　reached　a　hay…stack　with　a　solid　straw　cover；　crept　into　it；　made　himself　comfortable　in　the　hay　and　enjoyed　his　good　fortune。　Then　he　fell　asleep；　but　soon　woke　again　inasmuch　as　he；　his　clothes；　and　all　the　hay　around　him　was　thoroughly　soaked；　for　the　roof　just　above　him　was　leaking。　In　frightful　rage　over　this　‘‘evil　perversity；''　he　set　the　stack　on　fire　and　it　burned　to　the　ground。

It　may　be　said　that　the　fact　of　the　man's　anger　is　as　much　a　motive　as　any　other　and　should　have　no　influence　on　the　legal　side　of　the　incident。　Though　this　is　quite　true；　we　are　bound　to　consider　the　crime　and　the　criminal　as　a　unit　and　to　judge　them　so。　If　under　such　circumstances　we　can　say　that　this　unit　is　an　outcome　natural　to　the　character　of　mankind；　and　even　if　we　say；　perhaps；　that　we　might　have　behaved　similarly　under　like　circumstances；　if　we　really　cannot　find　something　absolutely　evil　in　the　deed；　the　criminal　quality　of　it　is　throughout　reduced。　Also；　in　such　smaller　cases　the　fundamental　concept　of　modern　criminology　comes　clearly　into　the　foreground：　‘‘not　the　crime　but　the　criminal　is　the　object　of　punishment；　not　the　concept　but　the　man　is　punished。''　（Liszt）。

The　fact　of　the　presence　of　a　significant　irritation　is　important　for　passing　judgment；　and　renders　it　necessary　to　observe　with　the　most　thorough　certainty　how　this　irritation　comes　about。　This　is　the　more　important　inasmuch　as　it　becomes　possible　to　decide　whether　the　irritation　is　real　or　artificial　and　imitated。　Otherwise；　however；　the　meaning　of　the　irritation　can　be　properly　valued　only　when　its　development　can　be　held　together　step　by　step　with　its　causes。　Suppose　I　let　the　suspect　know　the　reason　of　suspicion　brought　by　his　enemies；　then　if　his　anger　sensibly　increases　with　the　presentation　of　each　new　ground；　it　appears　much　more　natural

＇1＇　Cf。　Bernhardi　in　H。　Gross's　Archiv；　V；　p。　40。

　and　real　than　if　the　anger　increased　in　inexplicable　fashion　with　regard　to　less　important　reasons　for　suspicion　and　developed　more　slowly　with　regard　to　the　more　important　ones。

The　collective　nature　of　somatic　phenomena　in　the　case　of　great　excitement　has　been　much　studied；　especially　among　animals；　these　being　simpler　and　less　artificial　and　therefore　easier　to　understand；　and　in　the　long　run　comparatively　like　men　in　the　expression　of　their　emotions。　Very　many　animals；　according　to　Darwin；　erect　their　hair　or　feathers　or　quills　in　cases　of　anxiety；　fear；　or　horror；　and　nowadays；　indeed；　involuntarily；　in　order　to　exhibit　themselves　as　larger　and　more　terrible。　The　same　rising　of　the　hair　even　to…day　plays　a　greater　rle　among　men　than　is　generally　supposed。　Everybody　has　either　seen　in　others　or　discovered　in　himself　that　fear　and　terror　visibly　raise　the　hair。　I　saw　it　with　especial　clearness　during　an　examination　when　the　person　under　arrest　suddenly　perceived　with　clearness；　though　he　was　otherwise　altogether　innocent；　in　what　great　danger　he　stood　of　being　taken　for　the　real　criminal。　That　our　hair　rises　in　cases　of　fear　and　horror　without　being　visible　is　shown；　I　believe；　in　the　well　known　movement　of　the　hand　from　forehead　to　crown。　It　may　be　supposed　that　the　hair　rises　at　the　roots　invisibly　but　sensibly　and　thus　causes　a　mild　tickling　and　pricking　of　the　scalp　which　is　reduced　by　smoothing　the　head　with　the　hand。　This　movement；　then；　is　a　form　of　involuntary　scratching　to　remove　irritation。　That　such　a　characteristic　movement　is　made　during　examination　may　therefore　be　very　significant　under　certain　circumstances。　Inasmuch　as　the　process　is　indubitably　an　influence　of　the　nerves　upon　the　finer　and　thinner　muscle…fibers；　it　must　have　a　certain　resemblance　to　the　process　by　which；　as　a　consequence　of　fear；　horror；　anxiety；　or　care；　the　hair　more　or　less　suddenly　turns　white。　Such　occurrences　are　in　comparatively　large　numbers　historical；　G。　Pouchet＇1＇　counts　up　cases　in　which　hair　turned　white　suddenly；　（among　them　one　where　it　happened　while　the　poor　sinner　was　being　led　to　execution）。　Such　cases　do　not　interest　us　because；　even　if　the　accused　himself　turned　grey　over　night；　no　evidence　is　afforded　of　guilt　or　innocence。　Such　an　occurrence　can　be　evidential　only　when　the　hair　changes　color　demonstrably　in　the　case　of　a　witness。　It　may　then　be　certainly　believed　that　he　had　experienced　something　terrible　and　aging。　But　whether　he　had　really　experienced　this；　or　merely　believed　that　he　had　experienced　it；　can　as　yet　not　be　discovered；　since　the

＇1＇　Revue　de　deux　Mondes；　Jan。　1；　1872。

　belief　and　the　actual　event　have　the　same　mental　and　physical　result。

Properly　to　understand　the　other　phenomena　that　are　the　result　of　significant　irritation；　their　matrix；　their　aboriginal　source　must　be　studied。　Spencer　says　that　fear　expresses　itself　in　cries；　in　hiding；　sobbing　and　trembling；　all　of　which　accompany　the　discovery　of　the　really　terrible；　while　the　destructive　passions　manifest　themselves　in　tension　of　the　muscles；　gritting　of　the　teeth；　extending　the　claws：　all　weaker　forms　of　the　activity　of　killing。　All　this；　aboriginally　inherited　from　the　animals；　occurs　in　rather　less　intense　degrees　in　man；　inclusive　of　baring　the　claws；　for　exactly　this　movement　may　often　be　noticed　when　somebody　is　speaking　with　anger　and　vexation　about　another　person　and　at　the　same　time　extends　and　contracts　his　fingers。　Anybody　who　does　this　even　mildly　and　unnoticeably　means　harm　to　the　person　he　is　talking　about。　Darwin　indeed；　in　his　acutely　observing　fashion；　has　also　called　attention　to　this。　He　suggests　that　a　man　may　hate　another　intensely；　but　that　so　long　as　his　anatomy　is　not　affected　he　may　not　be　said　to　be　enraged。　This　means　clearly　that　the　somatic　manifestations　of　inner　excitement　are　so　closely　bound　up　with　the　latter　that　we　require　the　former　whenever　we　want　to　say　anything　about　the　latter。　And　it　is　true　that　we　never　say　that　a　man　was　enraged　or　only　angry；　if　he　remained　physically　calm；　no　matter　how　noisy　and　explicit　he　might　have　been　with　words。　This　is　evidence　enough　of　the　importance　of　noticing　bodily　expression。　‘‘How　characteristic；''　says　Volkmar＇1＇　‘‘is　the　trembling　and　heavy　breathing　of　fear；　the　glowering　glance　of　anger；　the　choking　down　of　suppressed　vexation；　the　stifling　of　helpless　rage；　the　leering　glance　and　jumping　heart　of　envy。''　Darwin　completes　the　description　of　fear：　The　heart　beats　fast；　the　features　pale；　he　feels　cold　but　sweats；　the　hair　rises；　the　secretion　of　saliva　stops；　hence　follows　frequent　swallowing；　the　voice　becomes　hoarse；　yawning　begins；　the　nostrils　tremble；　the　pupils　widen；　the　constrictor　muscles　relax。　Wild　and　very　primitive　people　show　this　much　more　clearly　and　tremble　quite　uncontrolled。　The　last　may　often　be　seen　and　may　indeed　be　established　as　a　standard　of　culture　and　even　of　character　and　may　help　to　determine　how　far　a　man　may　prevent　the　inner　irritation　from　becoming　externally　noticeable。　Especially　he　who　has　much　to　do　with　Gypsies　is　aware　how　little　these　people　can　control　themselves。　From　this　fact　also　spring　the　numerous

＇1＇　v。　Volkmar：　Lehrbuch　der　Psychologie。　Cthen　1875。

　anecdotes　concerning　the　wild　rulers　of　uncultivated　people；　who　simply　read　the　guilt　of　the　suspect　from　his　external　behavior；　or　even　more　frequently　were　able　to　select　the　criminal　with　undeceivable　acuteness　from　a　number　brought　before　them。　Bain＇1＇　narrates　that　in　India　criminals　are　required　to　take　rice　in　the　mouth　and　after　awhile　to　spit　it　out。　If　it　is　dry　the　accused　is　held　to　be　guiltyfear　has　stopped　the　secretion　of　salivaobstupui；　stetetuntque　comae；　et　vox　faucibus　haesit。

Concerning　the　characteristic　influence　of　timidity　see　Paul　Hartenberg。＇2＇

Especially　self…revealing　are　the　outbreaks　of　anger　against　oneself；　the　more　so　because　I　believe　them　always　to　be　evidence　of　consciousness　of　guilt。　At　least；　I　have　never　yet　seen　an　innocent　man　fall　into　a　paroxysm　of　rage　against　himself；　nor　have　I　ever　heard　that　others　have　observed　it；　and　I　would　not　be　able　psychologically　to　explain　such　a　thing　should　it　happen。　Inasmuch　as　scenes　of　this　kind　can　occur　perceivably　only　in　the　most　externalized　forms　of　anger；　so　such　an　explosion　is　elementary　and　cannot　possibly　be　confused　with　another。　If　a　man　wrings　his　hands　until　they　bleed；　or　digs　his　finger…nails　into　his　forehead；　nobody　will　say　that　this　is　anger　against　himself；　it　is　only　an　attempt　to　do　something　to　release　stored…up　energy；　to　bring　it　to　bear　against　somebody。　People　are　visibly　angry　against　themselves　only　when　they　do　such　things　to　themselves　as　they　might　do　to　other　people；　for　example；　beating；　smashing；　pulling　the　hair；　etc。　This　is　particularly　frequent　among　Orientals　who　are　more　emotional　than　Europeans。　So　I　saw　a　Gyp