criminal psychology-第24部分

快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完，想下次继续接着阅读，可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能！


most　threadbare；　out…worn　sheep…skin；　but　a　dress…coat　he　certainly　would　not　buy；　even　if　he　could　get　it　cheap；　nor　would　he　take　it　as　a　gift。　He　leaves　such　clothes　to　others　whose　shabby　elegance　shows　at　a　glance　what　they　are。　Consider　how　characteristic　are　the　clothes　of　discharged　soldiers；　of　hunters；　of　officials；　etc。　Who　fails　to　recognize　the　dress　of　a　real　clerical；　of　democrats；　of　conservative…aristocrats？　Their　dress　is　everywhere　as　well　defined　as　the　clothing　of　Englishmen；　Frenchmen；　Germans；　and　Americans；　formed　not　by　climatic　conditions　but　by　national　character　in　a　specific　and　quite　unalterable　way。　Conceit；　carelessness；　cleanliness；　greasiness；　anxiety；　indifference；　respectability；　the　desire　to　attract　attention　and　to　be　original；　all　these　and　innumerable　similar　and　related　qualities　express　themselves　nowhere　so　powerfully　and　indubitably　as　in　the　way　people　wear　their　clothes。　And　not　all　the　clothes　together；　many　a　time　a　single　item　of　dress　betrays　a　character。


Section　20。　（7）　_Physiognomy　and　Related　Subjects_。


The　science　of　physiognomy　belongs　to　those　disciplines　which　show　a　decided　variability　in　their　value。　In　classical　times　it　was　set　much　store　by；　and　Socrates；　Plato；　Aristotle；　and　Pythagoras　were　keenly　interested　in　its　doctrines。　Later　on　it　was　forgotten；　was　studied　in　passing　when　Baptista　Porta　wrote　a　book　about　human　physiognomy；　and　finally；　when　the　works　of　Lavater　　and　the　closely　related　ones　of　Gall　appeared；　the　science　came　for　a　short　time　into　the　foreground。　Lavater's　well　known　monograph＇1＇　excited　great　attention　in　his　day　and　brought　its　author　enthusiastic　admiration。　How　much　Goethe　was　interested　in　it　is　indicated　in　the　popular　book　by　Von　der　Hellen　and　the　exchange　of　letters　between　Goethe　and　Lavater。　If　Lavater　had　not　brought　the　matter　into　relation　with　his　mystical　and　apodictic　manner；　if　he　had　made　more　observations　and　fewer　assertions；　his　fame　would　have　endured　longer　and　he　would　have　been　of　some　use　to　the　science；　as　it　was　it　soon　slipped　from　people's　minds　and　they　turned　to　the　notorious　phrenology　of　Gall。　Gall；　who　to　some　degree　had　worked　with　his　friend　Spurzheim；　committed　the　same　error　in　his　works＇2＇　as　Lavater；　inasmuch　as　he　lost　himself　in　theories　without　scientific　basis；　so　that　much　that　was　indubitably　correct　and　indicative　in　his　teaching　was　simply　overlooked。　His　meaning　was　twice　validated；　once　when　B。　v。　Cotta＇3＇　and　R。　R。　Noel＇4＇　studied　it　intensively　and　justly　assigned　him　a　considerable　worth；　the　second　time　when　Lombroso　and　his　school　invented　the　doctrine　of　criminal　stigmata；　the　best　of　which　rests　on　the　postulates　of　the　much…scorned　and　only　now　studied　Dr。　Gall。　The　great　physiologist　J。　Mller　declared：　‘‘Concerning　the　general　possibility　of　the　principles　of　Gall's　system　no　a　priori　objections　can　be　made。''　Only　recently　were　the　important　problems　of　physiognomy；　if　we　except　the　remarkable　work　by　Schack；＇5＇　scientifically　dealt　with。　The　most　important　and　significant　book　is　Darwin's；＇6＇　then　the　system　of　Piderit＇7＇　and　Carus's　‘‘Symbolik；''＇8＇　all　of　them　being　based　upon　the　earlier　fundamental　work　of　the　excellent　English　anatomist　and　surgeon；　Bell。＇9＇　Other　works　of　importance　are　those　of　LeBrun；　Reich；　Mantegazza；　Dr。　Duchenne；　Skraup；　Magnus；　Gessmann；　Schebest；　Engel；　Schneider；　K。　Michel；　Wundt；　C。　Lange；　Giraudet；　A。　Mosso；　A。　Baer；　Wiener；　Lotze；　Waitz；　Lelut；　Monro；　Heusinger；　Herbart；　Comte；　Meynert；　Goltz；　Hughes；

＇1＇　J。　K。　Lavater：　Physiognomische　Fragmente　zur　Befrderung　des　Menschenkentniss　und　Mensehenliebe。　Leipzig　1775。

＇2＇　F。　J。　Gall：　Introduction　au　Cours　du　Physiologie　du　Cerveau。　Paris　1808。　Recherehes　sur　la　systme　nerveux。　Paris　1809。

＇3＇　B。　v。　Cotta：　Geschichte　u。　Wesen　der　Phrenologie。　Dresden　1838。

＇4＇　R。　R。　Noel：　Die　materielle　Grundlage　des　Seelenbens。　Leipzig　1874。

＇5＇　S。　Sehack：　Physiognomisehe　Studien。　Jena　1890。

＇6＇　Darwin：　Expression　of　the　Emotions　in　Men　and　Animals。

＇7＇　Th。　Piderit：　Wissensehaftliches　System　der　Mimik　und　Physiognomik。　Detmold　1867。

＇8＇　Carus：　Symbolik　der　Menschlichen　Gestalt。　Leipzig　1858。

＇9＇　C。　Bell：　Anatomy　and　Philosophy　of　Expression。　London　1847。

　Bore。　　Monro：　Remarks　on　Sanity。　　C。　F。　Heusinger：　Grundriss　der　physiologischen　u。　psychologisehen　Anthropologie。　Eisenach　1829。　　Herbart：　Psychologische　Untersuchung。　Gttingen　1839。　　Comte：　Systeme　de　Philosophie　Positive。　Paris　1824。　　T。　Meynert：　Mechanik　der　Physiognomik。　1888。　　F。　Goltz：　ber　Moderne　Phrenologie。　Deutsehe　Rundschau　Nov。　…　Dec。　1885。　　H。　Hughes：　Die　Mimik　des　Menschen　auf　Grund　voluntariseher　Psychologie　Frankfurt　a。　M。　1900。　　A。　Bor