criminal psychology-第3部分

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　men　show　traces；　but　very　few　indeed　are　possessed　of　as　much　as　criminalists　intrinsically　require。　In　the　colleges　and　pre…professional　schools　we　jurists　may　acquire　a　little　scientific　psychology　as　a　‘‘philosophical　propaedeutic；''　but　we　all　know　how　insufficient　it　is　and　how　little　of　it　endures　in　the　business　of　life。　And　we　had　rather　not　reckon　up　the　number　of　criminalists　who；　seeing　this　insufficiency；　pursue　serious　psychological　investigations。

One　especial　psychological　discipline　which　was　apparently　created　for　our　sake　is　the　psychology　of　law；　the　development　of　which；　in　Germany；　Volkmar＇1＇　recounts。　This　science　afterward　developed；　through　the　instrumentality　of　Metzger＇2＇　and　Platner；＇3＇　as　criminal　psychology。　From　the　medical　point　of　view　especially；　Choulant's　collection　of　the　latter's；　‘‘Quaestiones；''　is　still　valuable。　Criminal　psychology　was　developed　further　by　Hoffbauer；＇4＇　Grohmann；＇5＇


＇1＇　W。　Volkmann　v。　Volkmar：　Lehrbuch　der　Psychologie　（2　vols。）。　Cthen　1875

＇2＇　J。　Metzger：　‘‘Gerichtlich…medizinische　Abhandhingen。''　Knigsberg　1803

＇3＇　Ernst　Platner：　Questiones　medicinae　forensic；　tr。　German　by　Hederich

＇4＇　J。　C。　Hoffbauer　Die　Psychologie　in　ibren　Hauptanwendungen　auf　die　Rechtspflege。　Halle　1823。

＇5＇　G。　A。　Grohmann：　Ideen　zu　einer　physiognomisehen　Anthropologie。　Leipzig　1791。


　Heinroth；＇1＇　Sehaumann；＇2＇　Mnch；＇3＇　Eckartshausen；＇4＇　and　others。　In　Kant's　time　the　subject　was　a　bone　of　contention　between　faculties；　Kant　representing　in　the　quarrel　the　philosophic；　Metzger；　Hoffbauer；　and　Fries；＇5＇　the　medical　faculties。　Later　legal　psychology　was　simply　absorbed　by　psychiatry；　and　thereby　completely　subsumed　among　the　medical　disciplines；　in　spite　of　the　fact　that　Regnault；＇6＇　still　later；　attempted　to　recover　it　for　philosophy；　as　is　pointed　out　in　Friedreich's＇7＇　well…known　text…book　（cf。　moreover　V。　Wilbrand's＇8＇　text…book）。　Nowadays；　criminal　psychology；　as　represented　by　Kraus；＇9＇　Krafft…　Ebing；＇10＇　Maudsley；＇11＇　Holtzendorff；＇12＇　Lombroso；＇13＇　and　others　has　become　a　branch　of　criminal　anthropology。　It　is　valued　as　the　doctrine　of　motives　in　crime；　or；　according　to　Liszt；　as　the　investigation　of　the　psychophysical　condition　of　the　criminal。　It　is　thus　only　a　part　of　the　subject　indicated　by　its　name。＇14＇　How　utterly　criminal　psychology　has　become　incorporated　in　criminal　anthropology　is　demonstrated　by　the　works　of　Ncke；＇15＇　Kurella；＇16＇　Bleuler；＇17＇　Dallemagne；＇18＇　Marro；＇19＇　Ellis；＇20＇　Baer；＇21＇　Koch；＇22＇　Maschka；＇23＇　Thomson；＇24＇　Ferri；＇25＇　Bonfigli；＇26＇　Corre；＇27＇　etc。

＇1＇　Johann　Heinroth：　Grundzuge　der　Kriminalpsychologie。　Berlin　1833。

＇2＇　Schaumann：　Ideen　zu　einer　Kriminalpsychologie。　Halle　1792。

＇3＇　Mnch：　ber　den　Einfluss　der　Kriminalpsychologie　auf　Pin　System　der　Kriminal…Rechts。　Nrnberg　1790。

＇4＇　Eckartshausen。　ber　die　Notwendigkeit　psychologiseher　Kenntnisse　bei　Beurteilung　von　Verbreehern。　Mnchen；　1791。

＇5＇　J。　Fries：　Handbuch　der　psychologischer　Anthropologie。　Jena；　1820。

＇6＇　E。　Regnault：　Das　gerichtliche　Urteil　der　rzte　ber　psychologische　Zustande。　Cln；　1830。

＇7＇　J。　B。　Friedreich：　System　der　gerichtlichen　Psychologie。　Regensburg　1832。

＇8＇　Wilbrand：　Gerichtliche　Psychologie。　1858。

＇9＇　Kraus：　Die　Psychologie　des　Verbrechens。　Tbingen；　1884。

＇10＇　v。　Krafft…Ebing：　Die　zweifelhaften　Geisteszustnde。　Erlangen　1873。

＇11＇　Maudsley：　Physiology　and　Pathology　of　the　Mind。

＇12＇　v。　Holtzendorffarticles　in　‘‘Rechtslexikon。''

＇13＇　Lombroso：　L'uomo　delinquente；　ete。

＇14＇　Asehaffenburg：　Articles　in　Zeitscheift　f。　d。　gesamten　Strafreehtwissensehaften；　especially　in。　XX；　201。

＇15＇　Dr。　P。　Ncke：　ber　Kriminal　Psychologie；　in　the　above…mentioned　Zeitschrift；　Vol。　XVII。　　Verbrechen　und　Wahnsinn　beim　Weibe。　Vienna；　Leipsig；　1884。　　Moral　Insanity：　rztliche　Sachverstndigen…Zeitung；　1895；　Neurologisches　Zentralblatt；　Nos。　11　and　16。　1896

＇16＇　Kurella：　Naturgesehichte　des　Verbreehers。　Stuttgart　1893。

＇17＇　Blenler：　Der　geborene　Verbrecher。　Munchen　1896。

＇18＇　Dallemagne。　Kriminalanthropologie。　Paris　1896。

19＇　Marro：　I　caratteri　dei　deliquenti。　Turin　1887。　I　carcerati。　Turin　1885。

＇20＇　Havelock　Ellis：　The　Criminal。　London　1890。

＇21＇　A。　Baer：　Der　Verbrecher　Leipzig　1893。

＇22＇　Koch。　Die　Frage　nach　dem　geborenen　Verbrecher。　Ravensberg　1894。

＇23＇　Maschka。　Elandbuch　der　Gerichtlichen　Medizin　（vol。　IV）。　Tbingen　1883。

＇24＇　Thomson。　Psychologie　der　Verbrecher。

＇25＇　Ferri：　Gerichtl。　Psychologie。　Mailand　1893。

＇26＇　Bonfigli：　Die　Natugeschichte　des　Verbrechers。　Mailand　1892。

＇27＇　Corre：　Les　Criminels。　Paris　1889。



Literally；　criminal　psychology　should　be　_that　form　of　psychology　used　in　dealing　with　crime_；　not　merely；　the　psychopathology　of　criminals；　the　natural　history　of　the　criminal　mind。　But　taken　even　literally；　this　is　not　all　the　psychology　required　by　the　criminalist。　No　doubt　crime　is　an　objective　thing。　Cain　would　actually　have　slaughtered　Abel　even　if　at　the　time　Adam　and　Eve　were　already　dead。　But　for　us　each　crime　exists　only　as　we　perceive　it；as　we　learn　to　know　it　through　all　those　media　established　for　us　in　criminal　procedure。　But　these　media　are　based　upon　sense…perception；　upon　the　perception　of　the　judge　and　his　assistants；　i。　e。：　upon　witnesses；　accused；　and　experts。　Such　perceptions　must　be　psychologically　validated。　The　knowledge　of　the　principles　of　this　validation　demands　again　a　special　department　of　general　psychologyeven　such　a　_pragmatic　applied　psychology　as　will　deal　with　all　states　of　mind　that　might　possibly　be　involved　in　the　determination　and　judgment　of　crime_。　It　is　the　aim　of　this　book　to　present　such　a　psychology。　‘‘If　we　were　gods；''　writes　Plato　in　the　Symposium；　‘‘there　would　be　no　philosophy''and　if　our　senses　were　truer　and　our　sense　keener；　we　should　need　no　psychology。　As　it　is　we　must　strive　hard　to　determine　certainly　how　we　see　and　think；　we　must　understand　these　processes　according　to　valid　laws　organized　into　a　system　otherwise　we　remain　the　shuttlecocks　of　sense；　misunderstanding　and　accident。　We　must　know　how　all　of　us；we　ourselves；　witnesses；　experts；　and　accused；　observe　and　perceive；　we　must　know　how　they　think；and　how　they　demonstrate；　we　must　take　into　account　how　variously　mankind　infer　and　perceive；　what　mistakes　and　illusions　may　ensue；　how　people　recall　and　bear　in　mind；　how　everything　varies　with　age；　sex；　nature；　and　cultivation。　We　must　also　see　clearly　what　series　of　influences　can　prevail　to　change　all　those　things　which　would　have　been　different　under　normal　conditions。　Indeed；　the　largest　place　in　this　book　will　be　given　to　the　witness　and　the　judge　himself；　since　we　want　in　fact；　from　the　first　to　keep　in　mind　the　creation　of　material　for　our　instruction；　but　the　psychology　of　the　criminal　must　also　receive　consideration　where…　ever　the　issue　is　not　concerned　with　his　so…called　psychoses；　but　with　the　validation　of　evidence。

Our　method　will　be　that　fundamental　to　all　psychological　investigation；　and　may　be　divided　into　three　parts：＇1＇

1。　The　preparation　of　a　review　of　psychological　phenomena。

＇1＇　P。　Jessen：　Versuch　einer　wissenschaftlichen　Begrundung　der　Psychologie。　Berlin　1855。



2。　Study　of　causal　relationships。

3。　Establishment　of　the　principles　of　psychic　activity。

The　subject…matter　will　be　drawn　on　the　one　hand；　from　that　already　presented　by　psychological　science；　but　will　be　treated　throughout　from　the　point　of　view　of　the　criminal　judge；　and　prepared　for　his　purposes。　On　the　other　hand；　the　material　will　be　drawn　from　these　observations　that　alone　the　criminologist　at　work　can　make；　and　on　this　the　principles　of　psychology　will　be　brought　to　bear。

We　shall　not　espouse　either　pietism；　scepticism；　or　criticism。　We　have　merely　to　consider　the　individual　phenomena；　as　they　may　concern　the　criminalist；　to　examine　them　and　to　establish　whatever　value　the　material　may　have　for　him；　what　portions　may　be　of　use　to　him　in　the　interest　of　discovering　the　truth；　and　where　the　dangers　may　lurk　that　menace　him。　And　just　as　we　are　aware　that　the　comprehension　of　the　fundamental　concepts　of　the　exact　sciences　is　not　to　be　derived　from　their　methodology；　so　we　must　keep　clearly　in　mind　that　the　truth　which　we　criminalists　have　to　attain　can　not　be　constructed　out　of　the　_formal_　correctness　of　the　content　presented　us。　We　are　in　duty　bound　to　render　it　_materially_　correct。　But　that　is　to　be　achieved　only　if　we　are　acquainted　with　principles　of　psychology；　and　know　how　to　make　them　serve　our　purposes。　For　our　problem；　the　oft…quoted　epigram　of　Bailey's；　‘‘The　study　of　physiology　is　as　repugnant　to　the　psychologist　as　that　of　acoustics　to　the　composer；''　no　longer　holds。　We　are　not　poets；　we　are　investigators。　If　we　are　to　do　our　work　properly；　we　must　base　it　completely　upon　modern　psycho　physical　fundamentals。　Whoever　expects　unaided　to　find　the　right　thing　at　the　right　moment　is　in　the　position　of　the　individual　who　didn't　know　whether　he　could　play　the　violin　because　he　had　not　yet　tried。　We　must　gather　wisdom　while　we　are　not　required　to　use　it；　when　the　time　for　use　arrives；　the　time　for　harvest　is　over。

Let　this　be　our　fundamental　principle：　_That　we　criminalists　receive　from　our　main　source；　the　witnesses；　many　more　inferences　than　observations_；　and　that　this　fact　is　the　basis　of　so　many　mistakes　in　our　work。　Again　and　again　we　are　taught；　in　the　deposition　of　evidence；　that　only　facts　as　plain　sense…perceptions　should　be　presented；　that　inference　is　the　judge's　affair。　But　we　only　appear　to　obey　this　principle；　actually；　most　of　what　we　note　as　fact　and　sense…perception；　is　nothing　but　a　more　or　less　justified　judgment；　which　though　presented　in　the　honestest　belief；　still　　offers　no　positive　truth。　‘‘Amicus　Plato；　sed　magis　amica　Veritas。''

There　is　no　doubt　that　there　is　an　increasing；　and　for　us　jurists；　a　not　unimportant　demand　for　the　study　of　psychology　in　its　bearing　on　our　profession。　But　it　must　be　served。　The　spirited　Abb