criminal psychology-第57部分

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　because　it　is　accurate；　and　hence　powerful　in　its　associative　quality。　But　it　is　rarely　attended　to；　even　when　the　associations　are　awakened　they　are　not　ascribed　to　the　sense　of　smell　but　are　said　to　be　accidental。　I　offer　one　example　only；　of　this　common　fact。　When　I　was　a　child　of　less　than　eight　years；　I　once　visited　with　my　parents　a　priest　who　was　a　school…mate　of　my　father's。　The　day　spent　in　the　parsonage　contained　nothing　remarkable；　so　that　all　these　years　I　have　not　even　thought　of　it。　A　short　time　ago　all　the　details　I　encountered　on　that　day　occurred　to　me　very　vividly；　and　inasmuch　as　this　sudden　memory　seemed　baseless；　I　studied　carefully　the　cause　of　its　occurrence；　without　success。　A　short　time　later　I　had　the　same　experience　and　at　the　same　place。　This　was　a　clew；　and　I　then　recalled　that　I　had　undertaken　a　voyage　of　discovery　with　the　small　niece　of　the　parson　and　had　been　led　into　a　fruit　cellar。　There　I　found　great　heaps　of　apples　laid　on　straw；　and　on　the　wall　a　considerable　number　of　the　hunting　boots　of　the　parson。　The　mixed　odors　of　apple；　straw　and　boots　constituted　a　unique　and　long　unsmelled　perfume　which　had　sunk　deep　into　my　memory。　And　as　I　passed　a　room　which　contained　the　same　elements　of　odor；　all　those　things　that　were　associated　with　that　odor　at　the　time　I　first　smelt　it；　immediately　recurred。

Everybody　experiences　such　associations　in　great　number；　and　in　examinations　a　little　trouble　will　bring　them　up；　especially　when　the　question　deals　with　remote　events；　and　a　witness　tells　about　some　‘‘accidental''　idea　of　his。　If　the　accident　is　considered　to　be　　an　association　and　studied　in　the　light　of　a　memory　of　odor；　one　may　often　succeed　in　finding　the　right　clew　and　making　progress。

But　accurate　as　the　sense　of　smell　is；　it　receives　as　a　rule　little　consideration；　and　when　some　question　concerning　smell　is　put　the　answer　is　generally　negative。　Yet　in　no　case　may　a　matter　be　so　easily　determined　as　in　this　one；　one　may　without　making　even　the　slightest　suggestion；　succeed　in　getting　the　witness　to　confess　that　he　had　smelled　something。　Incidentally；　one　may　succeed　in　awakening　such　impressions　as　have　not　quite　crossed　the　threshold　of　consciousness；　or　have　been　subdued　and　diverted。　Suppose；　e。　g。；　that　a　witness　has　smelled　fire；　but　inasmuch　as　he　was　otherwise　engaged　was　not　fully　conscious　of　it　or　did　not　quite　notice　it；　or　explained　it　to　himself　as　some　kitchen　odor　or　the　odor　of　a　bad　cigar。　Such　perceptions　are　later　forgotten；　but　with　proper　questioning　are　faithfully　and　completely　brought　to　memory。

Obviously　much　depends　on　whether　anybody　likes　certain　delicate　odors　or　not。　As　a　rule　it　may　be　held　that　a　delicate　sense　of　smell　is　frequently　associated　with　nervousness。　Again；　people　with　broad　nostrils　and　well　developed　foreheads；　who　keep　their　mouths　closed　most　of　the　time；　have　certainly　a　delicate　sense　of　smell。　People　of　lymphatic　nature；　with　veiled　unclear　voices；　do　not　have　a　keen　sense　of　smell；　and　still　duller　is　that　of　snufflers　and　habitual　smokers。　Up　to　a　certain　degree；　practice　may　do　much；　but　too　much　of　it　dulls　the　sense　of　smell。　Butchers；　tobacconists；　perfumers；　not　only　fail　to　perceive　the　odors　which　dominate　their　shops；　their　sense　of　smell　has　been　dulled；　anyway。　On　the　other　hand；　those　who　have　to　make　delicate　distinctions　by　means　of　their　sense；　like　apothecaries；　tea　dealers；　brewers；　wine　tasters；　etc。　achieve　great　skill。　I　remember　that　one　time　when　I　had　in　court　to　deal　almost　exclusively　with　gypsies；　I　could　immediately　smell　whether　any　gypsies　had　been　brought　there　during　the　night。

Very　nervous　persons　develop　a　delicateness　and　acuteness　of　smell　which　other　persons　do　not　even　imagine。　Now　we　have　no　real　knowledge　of　how　odors　arise。　That　they　are　not　the　results　of　the　radiation　of　very　tiny　parts　is　shown　by　the　fact　that　certain　bodies　smell　though　they　are　known　not　to　give　off　particles。　Zinc；　for　example；　and　such　things　as　copper；　sulphur；　and　iron；　have　individual　odors；　the　latter；　particularly　when　it　is　kept　polished　by　a　great　deal　of　friction；e。g。；　in　the　cases　of　chains；　key…rings　kept　in　the　pocket。　

In　defining　the　impressions　of　smell　great　difficulties　occur。　Even　normal　individuals　often　have　a　passionate　love　for　odors　that　are　either　indifferent　or　disgusting　to　others　（rotten　apples；　wet　sponges；　cow…dung；　and　the　odor　of　a　horse…stable；　garlic；　assafoetida；　very　ripe　game；　etc。）。　The　same　individual　finds　the　odor　of　food　beautiful　when　hungry；　pleasant　when　full…fed；　and　unendurable　when　he　has　migraine。　It　would　be　necessary　to　make　an　accurate　description　of　these　differences　and　all　their　accompanying　circumstances。　With　regard　to　sex；　the　sense　of　smell；　according　to　Lombroso；＇1＇　is　twice　as　fine　in　men　as　in　women。　This　is　verified　by　Lombroso's　pupils　Ottolenghi　and　Sicard；　Roncoroni　and　Francis　Galton。　Experience　of　daily　life　does　not　confirm　this；　though　many　smokers　among　men　rarely　possess　acute　sense　of　smell；　and　this　raises　the　percentage　considerably　in　favor　of　women。


＇1＇　C。　Lombroso　and　G。　Ferrero。　The　Female　Offender。


Section　43。　（f）　The　Sense　of　Touch。

I　combine；　for　the　sake　of　simplicity；　the　senses　of　location；　pressure；　temperature；　etc。；　under　the　general　expression：　sense　of　touch。　The　problem　this　sense　raises　is　no　light　one　because　many　witnesses　tell　of　perceptions　made　in　the　dark　or　when　they　were　otherwise　unable　to　see；　and　because　much　is　perceived　by　means　of　this　sense　in　assaults；　wounds；　and　other　contacts。　In　most　cases　such　witnesses　have　been　unable　to　regard　the　touched　parts　of　their　bodies；　so　that　we　have　to　depend　upon　this　touch…sense　alone。　Full　certainty　is　possible　only　when　sight　and　touch　have　worked　together　and　rectified　one　another。　It　has　been　shown　that　the　conception　of　the　third　dimension　can　not　be　obtained　through　the　sense　of　sight。　At　the　beginning　we　owe　the　perception　of　this　dimension　only　to　touch　and　later　on　to　experience　and　habit。　The　truth　of　this　statement　is　confirmed　by　the　reports　of　persons　who；　born　blind；　have　gained　sight。　Some　were　unable　to　distinguish　by　means　of　mere　sight　a　silver　pencil…holder　from　a　large　key。　They　could　only　tell　them　to　be　different　things；　and　recognized　their　nature　only　after　they　had　felt　them。　On　the　other　hand；　the　deceptive　possibilities　in　touch　are　seen　in　the　well…known　mistakes　to　which　one　is　subjected　in　blind　touching。　At　the　same　time　practice　leads　to　considerable　accuracy　in　touch　and　on　many　occasions　the　sense　is　trusted　more　than　sighte。　g。；　whenever　we　test　the　delicacy　of　an　object　with　our　finger…tips。　The　fineness　of　paper；　leather；　the　smoothness　of　a　surface；　the　presence　of　points；　　are　always　tested　with　the　fingers。　So　that　if　a　witness　assures　us　that　this　or　that　was　very　smooth；　or　that　this　surface　was　very　raw；　we　must　regularly　ask　him　whether　he　had　tested　the　quality　by　touching　it　with　his　fingers；　and　we　are　certain　only　if　he　says　yes。　Whoever　has　to　depend　much　on　the　sense　of　touch　increases　its　field　of　perception；　as　we　know　from　the　delicacy　of　the　sense　in　blind　people。　The　statements　of　the　blind　concerning　their　contact　sensations　may　be　believed　even　when　they　seem　improbable；　there　are　blind　persons　who　may　feel　the　very　color　of　fabrics；　because　the　various　pigments　and　their　medium　give　a　different　surface…　quality　to　the　cloth　they　color。

In　another　direction；　again；　it　is　the　deaf　who　have　especial　power。　So；　we　are　assured　by　Abercrombie　that　in　his　medical　practice　he　had　frequently　observed　how　deaf　people　will　perceive　the　roll　of　an　approaching　wagon；　or　the　approach　of　a　person；　long　before　people　with　good　hearing　do　so。　For　a　long　time　I　owned　an　Angora　which；　like　all　Angoras；　was　completely　deaf；　and　her　deafness　had　been　tested　by　physicians。　Nevertheless；　if　the　animal　was　dozing　somewhere　and　anybody　came　near　it；　she　would　immediately　notice　his　steps；　and　would　distinguish　them；　for　she　would　jump　up　frightened；　if　the　newcomer　was　unknown；　and　would　stretch　herself　with　pleasure　in　the　expectation　of　petting　if　she　felt　a　friend　coming。　She　would　sense　the　lightest　touch　on　the　object　she　occupied；　bench；　window…seat；　sofa；　etc。；　and　she　was　especially　sensitive　to　very　light　scratching　of　the　object。　Such　sensitivity　is　duplicated　frequently　in　persons　who　are　hard　of　hearing；　and　whom；　therefore；　we　are　likely　to　doubt。

The　sense　of　touch　is；　moreover；　improved　not　only　by　practice；　but　also　by　the　training　of　the　muscles。　Stricker　asserts　that　he　has　frequently　noticed　that　the　observational　capacity　of　individuals　who　make　much　use　of　their　muscles　is　greater　than　among　persons　whose　habits　are　sedentary。　This　does　not　contradict　the　truth　established　by　many　experiments　that　the　educated　man　is　more　sensitive　in　all　directions　than　the　uneducated。　Again；　women　have　a　better　developed　sense　of　touch　than　men；　the　space…sense　and　the　pressure…sense　being　equivalent　in　both　sexes。　On　these　special　forms　of　the　touch…sense　injections　of　various　kinds　have　decided　influence。　The　injection　of　morphine；　e。　g。；　reduces　the　space…sense　in　the　skin。　_Cannabinum　tannicum_　reduces　sensibility　and　alcohol　is　swift　and　considerable　in　its　effects。　According　to　Reichenbach　some　sensitives　are　extreme　in　their　feeling。　The　　best　of　them　notice　immediately　the　approach　and　relative　position　of　people；　or　the　presence　of　another　in　a　dark　room。　That　very　nervous　people　frequently　feel　air　pressure；　fine　vibrations；　etc。；　is　perfectly　true。　And　this　and　other　facts　show　the　great　variety　of　touch　impressions　that　may　be　distinguished。　The　sense　of　temperature　has　a　comparatively　high　development；　and　more　so　in　women　than　in　men。　At　the　lips　and　with　the　tips　of　the　fingers；　differences　of　two…tenths　of　a　degree　are　perceived。　But　where　an　absolute　valuation　and　not　a　difference　is　to　be　perceived；　the　mean　variation；　generally；　is　not　much　less　than　4　degrees。　E。　g。；　a　temperature　of　19　degrees　R。　will　be　estimated　at　from　17　to　21　degrees。　I　believe；　however；　that　the　estimation　of　very　common　temperatures　must　be　accepted　as　correct。　E。　g。；　anybody　accustomed　to　have　his　room　in　win