criminal psychology-第65部分

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d　not　care　about　the　names　which　served　as　a　means　of　distinguishing　one　from　the　other；　and　they　might；　for　that　purpose；　have　been　_a_；　_b_；　_c_；　etc。　Hence；　the　faces　and　names　were　not　as　definitely　associated　as　they　ordinarily　are。　Moreover；　_*this_　failure　to　recall　is　a　substitution　for　each　other　of　the　many　tanti　quanti　that　we　take　up　in　our　daily　routine。　When　we　have　　had　especial　business　with　any　particular　individual　we　do　remember　his　face　when　his　name　is　mentioned。


＇1＇　Volkmar：　Psychologie。　Cthen　1875。


If；　then；　a　witness　does　not　quickly　recall　the　name　of　something　he　is　thinking　of；　but　identifies　it　immediately　when　the　name　is　given　him；　you　have　a　natural　psychological　event　which　itself　has　no　bearing　on　the　truth　or　falsity　of　his　testimony。

The　same　relation　is　naturally　to　be　found　in　all　cases　of　parallel　phenomena；　i。　e。；　names；　symbols；　definitions；　etc。　It　applies；　also；　to　the　problem　of　the　alteration　in　the　rapidity　of　psychical　processes　with　the　time　of　the　day。　According　to　Bechterew　and　Higier　there　is　an　increase　in　psychical　capacity　from　morning　to　noon；　then　a　dropping　until　five　o'clock　in　the　afternoon；　then　an　increase　until　nine　o'clock　in　the　evening；　and　finally　a　sinking　until　twelve　o'clock　midnight。　There　is；　of　course；　no　doubt　that　these　investigators　have　correctly　collected　their　material；　that　their　results　shall　possess　general　validity　is；　however；　not　so　certain。　The　facts　are　such　that　much　depends；　not　only　on　the　individual　character；　but　also　on　the　instant　of　examination。　One　hears　various　assertions　of　individuals　at　times　when　they　are　most　quick　to　apprehend　and　at　their　best；　and　hence　it　is　hardly　possible　to　draw　a　general　rule　from　such　phenomena。　One　may　be　wide　awake　in　the　morning；　another　in　the　forenoon；　a　third　at　night；　and　at　each　time　other　people　may　be　at　their　worst。　In　a　similar　fashion；　the　psychic　disposition　varies　not　only　during　the　day；　but　from　day　to　day。　So　far　as　my　observations　go　the　only　thing　uncontradicted　is　the　fact　that　the　period　between　noon　and　five　o'clock　in　the　afternoon　is　not　a　favorable　one。　I　do　not　believe；　however；　that　it　would　be　correct　to　say　that　the　few　hours　after　the　noon　dinner　are　the　worst　in　the　day；　for　people　who　eat　their　dinners　at　about　four　or　five　o'clock　assure　me　that　from　one　to　five　in　the　afternoon；　they　cannot　work　so　well。　These　facts　may　have　a　value　for　us　in　so　far　as　we　can　succeed　in　avoiding　the　trial　of　important　cases　which　require　especial　consideration　during　the　time　mentioned。


Section　48。　（c）　The　Subconscious。

It　is　my　opinion　that　the　importance　of　unconscious　operations＇1a＇　in　legal　procedure　is　undervalued。　We　could　establish　much　that　is　significant　concerning　an　individual　whose　unconscious　doings　we　knew。　For；　as　a　rule；　we　perform　unconsciously　things　that　　are　deeply　habitual；　therefore；　first　of　all　what　everybody　does　walk；　greet　your　neighbor；　dodge；　eat；　etc。；　secondly；　we　perform　unconsciously　things　to　which　we　have　become　accustomed　in　accordance　with　our　especial　characters。＇1＇　When；　during　my　work；　I　rise；　get　a　glass　of　water；　drink　it；　and　set　the　glass　aside　again；　without　having　the　slightest　suspicion　of　having　done　so；　I　must　agree　that　this　was　possible　only　in　my　well…known　residence　and　environment；　and　that　it　was　possible　to　nobody　else；　not　so　familiar。　The　coachman；　perhaps；　puts　the　horses　into　the　stable；　rubs　them　down；　etc。；　and　thinks　of　something　else　while　doing　so。　He　has　performed　unconsciously　what　another　could　not。　It　might　happen　that　I　roll　a　cigarette　while　I　am　working；　and　put　it　aside；　after　awhile　I　roll　a　second　and　a　third；　and　sometimes　I　have　four　cigarettes　side　by　side。　I　needed　to　smoke；　had　prepared　a　cigarette；　and　simply　because　I　had　to　use　my　hands　in　writing；　etc。；　I　laid　the　cigarette　aside。　In　consequence；　the　need　to　smoke　was　not　satisfied　and　the　process　was　repeated。　This　indicates　what　complicated　things　may　be　unconsciously　performed　if　only　the　conditions　are　well…known；　but　it　also　indicates　what　the　limits　of　unconscious　action　are：　e。　g。；　I　had　not　forgotten　what　would　satisfy　my　need　to　smoke；　nor　where　my　cigarette　paper　was；　nor　how　to　make　a　cigarette；　but　I　had　forgotten　that　I　had　made　a　cigarette　without　having　smoked　it。　The　activities　first　named　have　been　repeated　thousands　of　times；　while　the　last　had　only　just　been　performed　and　therefore　had　not　become　mechanical。＇2＇


＇1a＇　Th。　Lipps：　Der　Begriff　des　Unbewnssten　in　der　Psychologie。　Mnchen　1896。

＇1＇　Cf。　Symposium　on　the　Subconscious。　Journal　of　Abnormal　Psychology。

＇2＇　Cf。　H。　Gross's　Archiv；　II；　140。


Lipps　calls　attention　to　another　instance：　‘‘It　may　be　that　I　am　capable　of　retaining　every　word　of　a　speech　and　of　observing　at　the　same　time　the　expression　which　accompanies　the　speech。　I　might　be　equally　able　to　trace　a　noise　which　occurs　on　the　street　and　still　to　pay　sufficient　attention　to　the　speech。　On　the　other　hand；　I　should　lose　the　thread　of　the　speech　if　I　were　required　at　the　same　time　to　think　of　the　play　of　feature　and　the　noise。　Expressed　in　general　terms；　idea　A　may　possibly　get　on　with　idea　B　and　even　idea　C；　but　B　and　C　together　make　A　impossible。　This　clearly　indicates　that　B　and　C　in　themselves　have　opposed　A　and　inhibited　it　in　some　degree；　but　that　only　the　summation　of　their　inhibition　could　serve　really　to　exclude　A。''　This　is　certainly　correct　and　may　perhaps　be　more　frequently　made　use　of　when　it　is　necessary　to　judge　how　much　an　individual　would　have　done　at　one　and　the　　same　time；　and　how　much　he　would　have　done　unconsciously。　An　approximation　of　the　possibilities　can　always　be　made。

Such　complicated　processes　go　down　to　the　simplest　operations。　Aubert　indicates；　for　example；　that　in　riding　a　horse　at　gallop　you　jump　and　only　later　observe　whether　you　have　jumped　to　the　right　or　the　left。　And　the　physician　Forster　told　Aubert　that　his　patients　often　did　not　know　how　to　look　toward　right　or　left。　At　the　same　time；　everybody　remembers　how　when　he　is　doing　it　unconsciously；　and　it　may　often　be　observed　that　people　have　to　make　the　sign　of　the　cross；　or　the　gesture　of　eating　in　order　to　discover　what　is　right　and　what　left；　although　they　are　unconsciously　quite　certain　of　these　directions。　Still　broader　activities　are　bound　up　with　this　unconscious　psychosis；　activities　for　us　of　importance　when　the　accused　later　give　us　different　and　better　explanations　than　at　the　beginning；　and　when　they　have　not　had　the　opportunity　to　study　the　case　out　and　make　additional　discoveries；　or　to　think　it　over　in　the　mean　time。　They　then　say　honestly　that　the　new；　really　probable　exposition　has　suddenly　occurred　to　them。　As　a　rule　we　do　not　believe　such　statements；　and　we　are　wrong；　for　even　when　this　sudden　vision　appears　improbable　and　not　easily　realizable；　the　witnesses　have　explained　it　in　this　way　only　because　they　do　not　know　the　psychological　process；　which；　as　a　matter　of　fact；　consisted　of　subconscious　thinking。

The　brain　does　not　merely　receive　impressions　unconsciously；　it　registers　them　without　the　co…operation　of　consciousness；　works　them　over　unconsciously；　awakens　the　latent　residue　without　the　help　of　consciousness；　and　reacts　like　an　organ　endowed　with　organic　life　toward　the　inner　stimuli　which　it　receives　from　other　parts　of　the　body。　That　this　also　influences　the　activity　of　the　imagination；　Goethe　has　indicated　in　his　statement　to　Schiller：　‘‘Impressions　must　work　silently　in　me　for　a　very　long　time　before　they　show　them　selves　willing　to　be　used　poetically。''

In　other　respects　everybody　knows　something　about　this　unconscious　intellectual　activity。　Frequently　we　plague　ourselves　with　the　attempt　to　bring　order　into　the　flow　of　ideasand　we　fail。　Then　the　next　time；　without　our　having　thought　of　the　matter　in　the　interval；　we　find　everything　smooth　and　clear。　It　is　on　this　fact　that　the　various　popular　maxims　rest；　e。　g。；　to　think　a　thing　over；　or　to　sleep　on　it；　etc。　The　unconscious　activity　of　thought　has　a　great　share　in　what　has　been　thought　out。

A　very　distinctive　rle　belongs　to　the　coincidence　of　conscious　　attention　with　unconscious。　An　explanation　of　this　process　will　help　us；　perhaps；　to　explain　many　incomprehensible　and　improbable　things。　‘‘Even　the　unconscious　psychic　activities；going　up　and　down；　smoking；　playing　with　the　hands；　etc。　conversation；　compete　with　the　conscious　or　with　other　unconscious　activities　for　psychic　energy。　Hence；　a　suddenly…appearing　important　idea　may　lead　us　to　stop　walking；　to　remain　without　a　rule　of　action；　may　make　the　smoker　drop　his　smoking；　etc。''　The　explanation　is　as　follows：　I　possess；　let　us　say；　100　units　of　psychic　energy　which　I　might　use　in　attention。　Now　we　find　it　difficult　to　attend　for　twenty　seconds　to　one　point；　and　more　so　to　direct　our　thought…energy　to　one　thing。　Hence　I　apply　only；　let　us　say；　90　units　to　the　object　in　question；　and　apply　10　units　to　the　unconscious　play　of　ideas；　etc。　Now；　if　the　first　object　suddenly　demands　even　more　attention；　it　draws　off　the　other　ten　units；　and　I　must　stop　playing；　for　absolutely　without　attention；　even　unconscious　attention；　nothing　can　be　done。

This　very　frequent　and　well…known　phenomenon；　shows　us；　first　of　all；　the　unconscious　activities　in　their　agreement　with　the　conscious；　inasmuch　as　we　behave　in　the　same　way　when　both　are　interrupted　by　the　demand　of　another　thing　on　our　attention。　If　a　row　suddenly　breaks　out　before　my　window　I　will　interrupt　an　unconscious　drumming　with　the　fingers　as　well　as　a　conscious　reading；　so　that　it　would　be　impossible　to　draw　any　conclusion　concerning　the　nature　of　these　activities　from　the　mere　interruption　or　the　manner　of　that　interruption。　This　similarity　is　an　additional　ground　for　the　fact　that　what　is　done　unconsciously　may　be　very　complex。　No　absolute　boundary　may　be　drawn；　and　hence　we　can　derive　no　proof　of　the　incorrectness　of　an　assertion　from　the　performance　itself；　i。　e。；　from　_*what_　has　been　done　unconsciously。　Only　human　nature；　its　habits；　idiosyncrasies；　and　its　contemporary　environment　can　give　us　any　norm。


Section　49。　（d）　Subjective　Conditions。

We　have　already　seen　that　our　idea