criminal psychology-第68部分

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All　in　all；　we　may　say　that　the　legally　significant　direction　of　association　falls　in　the　same　class　with　‘‘getting　an　idea。''　We　need　association　for　the　purpose　of　constructing　an　image　and　an　explanation　of　the　event　in　question；　something　must　‘‘occur　to　us。''　We　must　‘‘get　an　idea；''　if　we　are　to　know　how　something　happened。　We　need　association；　moreover；　in　order　to　discover　that　something　has　occurred　to　the　witness。

‘‘Getting　an　idea''　or　‘‘occurrence''　is　essentially　one　and　the　same　in　all　its　forms。　We　have　only　to　study　its　several　manifestations：

1。　‘‘Constructive　occurrence；''　by　means　of　which　the　correct　thing　may　possibly　be　discovered　in　the　way　of　combining；　inferring；　　comparing　and　testing。　Here　the　association　must　be　intentional　and　such　ideas　must　be　brought　to　a　fixed　image；　which　may　be　in　such　wise　associated　with　them　as　to　make　a　result　possible。　Suppose；　e。　g。；　that　the　case　is　one　of　arson；　and　the　criminal　is　unknown。　Then　we　will　require　the　plaintiff　to　make　local；　temporal；　identifying；　and　contrasting　associations　with　the　idea　of　all　and　each　of　his　enemies；　or　of　discharged　servants；　beggars；　etc。　In　this　wise　we　can　attain　to　other　ideas；　which　may　help　us　to　approach　some　definite　theory。

2。　‘‘Spontaneous　occurrence''　in　which　a　thought　appears　with　apparent　suddenness　for　no　particular　reason。　As　a　matter　of　fact；　such　suddenness　is　always　caused　by　some　conscious；　and　in　most　cases；　some　unconscious　association；　the　thread　of　which　can　not　be　later　sought　out　and　exhibited　because　of　its　being　subconscious；　or　of　its　being　overleaped　so　quickly　and　readily　that　it　can　not　be　traced。　Very　often　some　particular　sense…perception　exercises　an　influence　which　unites　simultaneous　ideas；　now　here　again　united。　Suppose　once　during　some　extraordinary　sound；　e。　g。；　the　ringing　of　a　bell；　which　I　do　not　often　hear；　I　had　seen　somebody。　Now　when　I　hear　that　bell　ringing　I　will　think　of　the　person　without　perhaps　knowing　the　definite　associationi。　e。；　the　connection　of　the　man　with　the　tone　of　the　bell　occurs　unconsciously。　This　may　go　still　further。　That　man；　when　I　first　saw　him；　might　have　worn；　perhaps；　a　red　necktie；　let　us　say　poppy…redit　may　now　happen　that　every　time　I　hear　that　bell…note　I　think　of　a　field　of　poppy…flowers。　Now　who　can　pursue　this　road　of　association？

3。　‘‘Accluding　occurrence；''　in　which；　in　the　process　of　the　longest　possible　calm　retention　of　an　idea；　another　appears　of　itself　and　associates　with　the　first。　E。　g。；　I　meet　a　man　who　greets　me　although　I　do　not　recognize　him。　I　may　perhaps　know　who　he　is；　but　I　do　not　spontaneously　think　of　it　and　can　not　get　at　his　identity　constructively；　because　of　lack　of　material。　I　therefore　expect　something　from　this　‘‘accluding　occurrence''　and　with　my　eyes　shut　I　try　as　long　as　possible　to　keep　in　mind　the　idea　of　this　man。　Suddenly；　I　see　him　before　me　with　serious　face　and　folded　hands；　on　his　right　a　similar　individual　and　a　similar　one　on　his　left；　above　them　a　high　window　with　a　curtainthe　man　was　a　juryman　who　sat　opposite　me。　But　the　memory　is　not　exhausted　with　this。　I　aim　to　banish　his　image　as　seated　and　keep　him　again　before　my　eyes。　I　see　an　apparent　gate　beyond　him　with　shelves　behind；　it　is　the　image　of　a　shop…keeper　in　a　small　town　who　is　standing　before　　the　door　of　his　shop。　I　hold　this　image　straining　before　my　eyes　suddenly　a　wagon　appears　with　just　that　kind　of　trapping　which　I　have　only　once　seen　to　deck　the　equipage　of　a　land…owner。　I　know　well　who　this　is；　what　the　little　town　near　his　estate　is　called；　and　now　I　suddenly　know　that　the　man　whose　name　I　want　to　remember　is　the　merchant　X　of　Y　who　once　was　a　juryman　in　my　court。　This　means　of　the　longest　possible　retention　of　an　idea；　I　have　made　frequent　use　of　with　the　more　intelligent　witnesses　（it　rarely　succeeds　with　women　because　they　are　restless）；　and　all　in　all；　with　surprising　effects。

4。　‘‘Retrospective　occurrence；''　which　consists　of　the　development　of　associations　backward。　E。　g。do　what　I　will；　I　can　not　remember　the　name　of　a　certain　man；　but　I　know　that　he　has　a　title　to　nobility；　which　is　identical　with　the　name　of　a　small　town　in　Obertfalz。　Finally；　the　name　of　the　town　Hirschau　occurs　to　me；　and　now　I　easily　associate　backwards；　‘‘Schaller　von　Hirschau。''　It　is；　of　course；　natural　that　words　should　unroll　themselves　forwards　with　habitual　ease；　but　backwards　only　when　we　think　of　the　word　we　are　trying　to　remember；　as　written；　and　then　associate　the　whole　as　a　MS。　image。　This　is　unhappily　difficult　to　use　in　helping　another。



Topic　6。　RECOLLECTION　AND　MEMORY。

Section　51。

In　direct　connection　with　the　association　of　ideas　is　our　recollection　and　memory；　which　are　only　next　to　perception　in　legal　importance　in　the　knowledge　of　the　witness。　Whether　the　witness　_*wants_　to　tell　the　truth　is；　of　course；　a　question　which　depends　upon　other　matters；　but　whether　he　_*can_　tell　the　truth　depends　upon　perception　and　memory。　Now　the　latter　is　a　highly　complicated　and　variously　organized　function　which　is　difficult　to　understand；　even　in　the　daily　life；　and　much　more　so　when　everything　depends　upon　whether　the　witness　has　noticed　anything；　how；　how　long；　what　part　of　the　impression　has　sunk　more　deeply　into　his　mind；　and　in　what　direction　his　defects　of　memory　are　to　be　sought。　It　would　be　inexcusable　in　the　lawyer　not　to　think　about　this　and　to　make　equivalent　use　of　all　the　phenomena　that　are　presented　to　him。　To　overlook　the　rich　literature　and　enormous　work　that　has　been　devoted　to　this　subject　is　to　raise　involuntarily　the　question；　for　whom　was　it　all　done？　Nobody　needs　a　thorough…going　knowledge　of　the　essence　of　memory　more　than　the　lawyer。　

I　advise　every　criminalist　to　study　the　literature　of　memory　and　recommend　the　works　of　Mnsterberg；　Ribot；　Ebbinghaus；　Cattell；　Krpelin；　Lasson；　Nicolai　Lange；　Arreat；　Richet；　Forel；　Galton；　Biervliet；　Paneth；　Fauth；　Sander；　Koch；　Lehmann；　F；　Jodl；＇1＇　etc。


＇1＇　H。　Mnsterberg：　Beitrge　II；　IV。　　H。　Ebbinghaus：　ber　das　Gedchtnis。　Leipzig　1885。　　J。　M。　Cattell：　Mind；　Vols。　11…15。　（Articles。）　　J。　Bourdon：　Influence　de　l'Age　sur　la　Memoire　Imm