criminal psychology-第79部分

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　they　only　‘‘round　out''　the　figures　or　because　the　reliability　of　the　aid　to　memory　must　first　be　tested。　Finally；　it　is　well…known　that　foreign　words　are　often　changed　into　senseless　words　of　a　similar　sound。　When　such　unintelligible　words　are　heard；　very　loud　repeated　restatement　of　the　word　will　help　in　finding　the　original。


TITLE　B。　DIFFERENTIATING　CONDITIONS　OF　GIVING　TESTIMONY。

Topic　I。　GENERAL　DIFFERENCES。

（a）　Woman。

Section　63。　（I）　_General　Considerations_。＇1＇


＇1＇　For　the　abnormal　seeNcke：　Verbrechen　und　Wahnsinn　beim　Weibe　Leipzig　1894。


One　of　the　most　difficult　tasks　of　the　criminalist　who　is　engaged　in　psychological　investigation　is　the　judgment　of　woman。　Woman　is　not　only　somatically　and　psychically　rather　different　from　man；　man　never　is　able　wholly　and　completely　to　put　himself　in　her　place。　In　judging　a　male　the　criminalist　is　dealing　with　his　like；　made　of　the　same　elements　as　he；　even　though　age；　conditions　of　life；　education；　and　morality　are　as　different　as　possible。　When　the　criminalist　is　to　judge　a　gray…beard　whose　years　far　outnumber　his　own；　he　still　sees　before　him　something　that　he　may　himself　become；　built　as　he；　but　only　in　a　more　advanced　stage。　When　he　is　studying　a　boy；　he　knows　what　he　himself　felt　and　thought　as　boy。　For　we　　never　completely　forget　attitudes　and　judgments；　no　matter　how　much　time　has　elapsedwe　no　longer　grasp　them　en　masse；　but　we　do　not　easily　fail　to　recall　how　they　were　constructed。　Even　when　the　criminalist　is　dealing　with　a　girl　before　puberty　he　is　not　without　some　point　of　approach　for　his　judgment；　since　boys　and　girls　are　at　that　period　not　so　essentially　different　as　to　prevent　the　drawing　of　analogous　inferences　by　the　comparison　of　his　own　childhood　with　that　of　the　girl。

But　to　the　nature　of　woman；　we　men　totally　lack　avenues　of　approach。　We　can　find　no　parallel　between　women　and　ourselves；　and　the　greatest　mistakes　in　criminal　law　were　made　where　the　conclusions　would　have　been　correct　if　the　woman　had　been　a　man。＇1＇　We　have　always　estimated　the　deeds　and　statements　of　women　by　the　same　standards　as　those　of　men；　and　we　have　always　been　wrong。　That　woman　is　different　from　man　is　testified　to　by　the　anatomist；　the　physician；　the　historian；　the　theologian；　the　philosopher；　every　layman　sees　it　for　himself。　Woman　is　different　in　appearance；　in　manner　of　observation；　of　judgment；　of　sensation；　of　desire；　of　efficacy；but　we　lawyers　punish　the　crimes　of　woman　as　we　do　those　of　man；　and　we　count　her　testimony　as　we　do　that　of　man。　The　present　age　is　trying　to　set　aside　the　differences　in　sex　and　to　level　them；　but　it　forgets　that　the　law　of　causation　is　valid　here　also。　Woman　and　man　have　different　bodies；　hence　they　must　have　different　minds。　But　even　when　we　understand　this；　we　proceed　wrongly　in　the　valuation　of　woman。　We　can　not　attain　proper　knowledge　of　her　because　we　men　were　never　women；　and　women　can　never　tell　us　the　truth　because　they　were　never　men。


＇1＇　H。　Marion：　Psychologie　de　la　Femme。　Paris　1900。


Just　as　a　man　is　unable　to　discover　whether　he　and　his　neighbor　call　the　same　color　red；　so；　eternally；　will　the　source　of　the　indubitably　existent　differences　in　the　psychic　life　of　male　and　female　be　undiscovered。　But　if　we　can　not　learn　to　understand　the　essence　of　the　problem　of　the　eternal　feminine；　we　may　at　least　study　its　manifestations　and　hope　to　find　as　much　clearness　as　the　difficulty　of　the　subject　will　permit。　An　essential；　I　might　say；　unscientific　experience　seems　to　come　to　our　aid　here。　In　this　matter；　we　trust　the　real　researches；　the　determinations　of　scholars；　much　less　than　the　conviction　of　the　people；　which　is　expressed　in　maxims；　legal　differences；　usage；　and　proverbs。　We　instinctively　feel　that　the　popular　conception　presents　the　experience　of　many　hundreds　of　years；　experiences　of　both　men　and　women。　So　that　we　may　assume　that　the　mistakes　of　the　　observations　of　individuals　have　corrected　each　other　as　far　as　has　been　possible；　and　yield　a　kind　of　average　result。　Now；　even　if　averages　are　almost　always　wrong；　either　because　they　appear　too　high　or　too　low；　the　mistake　is　not　more　than　half　a　mistake。　If　in　a　series　of　numbers　the　lowest　was　4；　the　highest　12；　and　the　average　8；　and　if　I　take　the　latter　for　the　individual　problem；　I　can　at　most　have　been　mistaken　about　four；　never　about　eight；　as　would　have　been　the　case　if　I　had　taken　4　or　12　for　each　other。　The　attitude　of　the　people　gives　us　an　average　and　we　may　at　least　assume　that　it　would　not　have　maintained　itself；　either　as　common　law　or　as　proverb；　if　centuries　had　not　shown　that　the　mistake　involved　was　not　a　very　great　one。

In　any　event；　the　popular　method　was　comparatively　simple。　No　delicate　distinctions　were　developed。　A　general　norm　of　valuation　was　applied　to　woman　and　the　result　showed　that　woman　is　simply　a　less　worthy　creature。　This　conception　we　find　very　early　in　the　history　of　the　most　civilized　peoples；　as　well　as　among　contemporary　backward　nations　and　tribes。　If；　now；　we　generally　assume　that　the　culture　of　a　people　and　the　position　of　its　women　have　the　same　measure；　it　follows　only　that　increasing　education　revealed　that　the　simple　assumption　of　the　inferiority　of　woman　was　not　correct；　that　the　essential　difference　in　psyche　between　man　and　woman　could　not　be　determined；　and　that　even　today；　the　old　conception　half　unconsciously　exercises　an　influence　on　our　valuation　of　woman；　when　in　any　respect　we　are　required　to　judge　her。　Hence；　we　are　in　no　wise　interested　in　the　degree　of　subordination　of　woman　among　savage　and　half…savage　peoples；　but；　on　the　other　hand；　it　is　not　indifferent　for　us　to　know　what　the　situation　was　among　peoples　and　times　who　have　influenced　our　own　culture。　Let　us　review　the　situation　hastily。

A　number　of　classical　instances　which　are　brought　together　by　Fink＇1＇　and　Smith；＇2＇　show　how　little　the　classic　Greek　thought　of　woman；　and　W。　Becker＇3＇　estimates　as　most　important　the　fact　that　the　Greek　always　gave　precedence　to　children　and　said；　　。''　The　Greek　naturalists；　Hippocrates　and　Aristotle；　modestly　held　woman　to　be　half　human；　and　even　the　poet　Homer　is　not　free　from　this　point　of　view　（cf。　the　advice　of　Agamemnon　to　Odysseus）。　Moreover；　he　speaks　mostly　concerning　the　scan…　　dalmongering　and　lying　of　women；　while　later；　Euripides　directly　reduces　the　status　of　women　to　the　minimum　（cf。　Iphigenia）。


＇1＇　Romantic　Love　and　Personal　Beauty。　H。　Fink。　London　1887。

＇2＇　Dictionary　of　Christian　Antiquities。

＇3＇　Bilder　altgriechischer　Sitte。


The　attention　of　ancient　Rome　is　always　directed　upon　the　puzzling；　sphinx…like；　unharmonious　qualities　in　woman。　Horace　gives　it　the　clearest　expression；　e。　g。；　‘‘Desinite　in　piscem　mulier　formosa　superne。''

The　Orientals　have　not　done　any　better　for　us。　The　Chinese　assert　that　women　have　no　souls。　The　Mohammedan　believes　that　women　are　denied　entrance　to　paradise；　and　the　Koran　（xliii；　17）　defines　the　woman　as　a　creature　which　grows　up　on　a　soil　of　finery　and　baubles；　and　is　always　ready　to　nag。　How　well　such　an　opinion　has　sustained　itself；　is　shown　by　the　Ottomanic　Codex　355；　according　to　which　the　testimony　of　two　women　is　worth　as　much　as　the　testimony　of　one　man。　But　even　so；　the　Koran　has　a　higher　opinion　of　women　than　the　early　church　fathers。　The　problem；　‘‘An　mulier　habeas　animam；''　was　often　debated　at　the　councils。　One　of　them；　that　of　Macon；　dealt　earnestly　with　the　MS。　of　Acidalius；　‘‘Mulieres　homines　non　esse。''　At　another；　women　were　forbidden　to　touch　the　Eucharist　with　bare　hands。　This　attitude　is　implied　by　the　content　of　countless　numbers　of　evil　proverbs　which　deal　with　the　inferior　character　of　woman；　and　certainly　by　the　circumstance　that　so　great　a　number　of　women　were　held　to　be　witches；　of　whom　about　100；000　were　burned　in　Germany　alone。　The　statutes　dealt　with　women　only　in　so　far　as　their　trustworthiness　as　witnesses　could　be　depreciated。　The　Bambergensis　（Art。　76）；　for　example；　permits　the　admission　of　young　persons　and　women　only　in　special　cases；　and　the　quarrels　of　the　older　lawyers　concerning　the　value　of　feminine　testimony　is　shown　by　Mittermaier。＇1＇


＇1＇　Die　Lehre　vom　Beweise。　Darmstadt。


If　we　discount　Tacitus'　testimony　concerning　the　high　status　of　women　among　the　Germanic　tribes　on　the　basis　that　he　aimed　at　shaming　and　reforming　his　countrymen；　we　have　a　long　series　of　assertions；　beginning　with　that　of　the　Norseman　Havam