criminal psychology-第81部分

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　Taken　in　itself　the　thing　is　true；　we　find　it　in　the　gossip　of　the　ball…room；　and　in　the　most　dreadful　of　criminal　cases。　Men　are　inclined　to　reduce　the　conduct　of　a　beautiful　sinner　to　the　mildest　and　least　offensive　terms；　while　her　own　sex　judge　her　the　more　harshly　in　the　degree　of　her　beauty　and　the　number　of　its　partisans。　Now　it　might　be　easy　in　an　attempt　to　draw　the　following　consequences　from　the　correctness　of　this　proposition：　Men　are　generally　inclined　to　forgive　in　kindness；　women　are　the　unforgiving　creatures。　This　inference　would　be　altogether　unjustified；　for　the　maxim　only　incidentally　has　woman　for　its　subject；　it　might　as　well　read：　Woman　forgives　a　handsome　man　everything；　man　nothing。　What　we　have　at　work　here　is　the　not　particularly　remarkable　fact　that　envy　plays　a　great　rle　in　life。

Another　difficulty　in　making　use　of　popular　truths　in　our　own　observations；　lies　in　their　being　expressed　in　more　or　less　definite　images。　If　you　say；　for　example；　‘‘Man　begs　with　words；　woman　with　glances；''　you　have　a　proposition　that　might　be　of　use　in　many　criminal　cases；　inasmuch　as　things　frequently　depend　on　the　demonstration　that　there　was　or　was　not　an　amour　between　two　people　（murder　of　a　husband；　relation　of　the　widow　with　a　suspect）。

Now；　of　course；　the　judge　could　not　see　how　they　conversed　together；　how　he　spoke　stormily　and　she　turned　her　eyes　away。　But　suppose　that　the　judge　has　gotten　hold　of　some　lettersthen　if　he　makes　use　of　the　maxim；　he　will　observe　that　the　man　becomes　more　explicit　than　the　woman；　who；　up　to　a　certain　limit；　remains　ashamed。　So　if　the　man　speaks　very　definitely　in　his　letters；　there　　is　no　evidence　contradictory　to　the　inference　of　their　relationship；　even　though　nothing　similar　is　to　be　found　in　her　letters。　The　thing　may　be　expressed　in　another　maxim：　What　he　wants　is　in　the　lines；　what　she　wants　between　the　lines。

The　great　difficulty　of　distinguishing　between　man　and　woman　is　mentioned　in　‘‘Levana　oder　Erziehungslehre；''　by　Jean　Paul；　who　says；　‘‘A　woman　can　not　love　her　child　and　the　four　continents　of　the　world　at　the　same　time。　A　man　can。''　But　who　has　ever　seen　a　man　love　four　continents？　‘‘He　loves　the　concept；　she　the　appearance；　the　particular。''　What　lawyer　understands　this？　And　this？　‘‘So　long　as　woman　loves；　she　loves　continuously；　but　man　has　lucid　intervals。''　This　fact　has　been　otherwise　expressed　by　Grabbe；　who　says：　‘‘For　man　the　world　is　his　heart；　for　woman　her　heart　is　the　world。''　And　what　are　we　to　learn　from　this？　That　the　love　of　woman　is　greater　and　fills　her　life　more？　Certainly　not。　We　only　see　that　man　has　more　to　do　than　woman；　and　this　prevents　him　from　depending　on　his　impressions；　so　that　he　can　not　allow　himself　to　be　completely　captured　by　even　his　intense　inclinations。　Hence　the　old　proverb：　Every　new　affection　makes　man　more　foolish　and　woman　wiser；　meaning　that　man　is　held　back　from　his　work　and　effectiveness　by　every　inclination；　while　woman；　each　time；　gathers　new　experiences　in　life。　Of　course；　man　also　gets　a　few　of　these；　but　he　has　other　and　more　valuable　opportunities　of　getting　them；　while　woman；　who　has　not　his　position　in　the　midst　of　life；　must　gather　her　experiences　where　she　may。

Hence；　it　remains　best　to　stick　to　simple；　sober　discoveries　which　may　be　described　without　literary　glamour；　and　which　admit　of　no　exception。　Such　is　the　statement　by　Friedreich＇1＇：　‘‘Woman　is　more　excitable；　more　volatile　and　movable　spiritually；　than　man；　the　mind　dominates　the　latter；　the　emotions　the　former。　Man　thinks　more；　woman　senses　more。''　These　ungarnished；　clear　words；　which　offer　nothing　new；　still　contain　as　much　as　may　be　said　and　explained。　We　may　perhaps　supplement　them　with　an　expression　of　Heusinger's；　‘‘Women　have　much　reproductive　but　little　productive　imaginative　power。　Hence；　there　are　good　landscape　and　portrait　painters　among　women；　but　as　long　as　women　have　painted　there　has　not　been　any　great　woman…painter　of　history。　They　make　poems；　romances；　and　sonnets；　but　not　one　of　them　has　written　a　good　tragedy。''　This　expression　shows　that　the　imaginative　power　of　woman　is　really　more　reproductive　than　productive；　　and　it　may　be　so　observed　in　crimes　and　in　the　testimony　of　witnesses。


＇1＇　J。　B。　Friedreich：　System　der　gerichtlich。　Psychol。　Regensburg　1852。


In　crimes；　this　fact　will　not　be　easy　to　observe　in　the　deed　itself；　or　in　the　manner　of　its　execution；　it　will　be　observable　in　the　nature　of　the　plan　used。　To　say　that　the　plan　indicates　productive　creation　would　not　be　to　call　it　original。　Originality　can　not　be　indicated；　without　danger　of　misunderstanding；　by　means　of　even　a　single　example；　we　have　simply　to　cling　to　the　paradigm　of　Heusinger；　and　to　say；　that　when　the　plan　of　a　criminal　act　appears　more　independent　and　more　completely　worked　out；　it　may　be　assumed　to　be　of　masculine　origin；　if　it　seeks　support；　however；　if　it　is　an　imitation　of　what　has　already　happened；　if　it　aims　to　find　outside　assistance　during　its　execution；　its　originator　was　a　woman。　This　truth　goes　so　far　that　in　the　latter　case　the　woman　must　be　fixed　upon　as　the　intellectual　source　of　the　plan；　even　though　the　criminal　actually　was　a　man。　The　converse　inference　could　hardly　be　held　with　justice。　If　a　man　has　thought　out　a　plan　which　a　woman　is　to　execute；　its　fundamental　lines　are　wiped　out　and　the　woman　permits　the　productive　aspect　of　the　matter　to　disappear；　or　to　become　so　indefinite　that　any　sure　conclusion　on　the　subject　is　impossible。

Our　phenomenon　is　equally　important　in　statements　by　witnesses。　In　many　a　case　in　which　we　suppose　the　whole　or　a　portion　of　a　witness's　testimony　to　be　incorrect；　intentionally　invented；　or　involuntarily　imagined；　we　may　succeed　in　extracting　a　part　of　the　testimony　as　independent　construction；　and　thus　determining　what　might　be　incorrect　in　it。　If；　when　this　happens；　the　witness　is　a　man　and　his　lies　show　themselves　in　productive　form；　and　if　the　witness　is　a　woman　and　her　lies　appear　to　be　reproduced；　it　is　possible；　at　least；　that　we　are　being　told　untruths。　The　procedure　obviously　does　not　in　itself　contain　anything　evidential；　but　it　may　at　least　excite　suspicion　and　thus　caution；　and　that；　in　many　cases；　is　enough。　I　may　say　of　my　own　work　that　I　have　often　gained　much　advantage　from　this　method。　If　there　were　any　suspicion　that　the　testimony　of　a　witness；　especially　the　conception　of　some　committed　crime；　was　untrue；　I　recalled　Heusinger；　and　asked　myself　‘‘If　the　thing　is　untrue；　is　it　a　sonnet　or　a　tragedy？''　If　the　answer　was　‘‘tragedy''　and　the　witness　a　man；　or；　if　the　answer　was　‘‘sonnet''　and　the　witness　a　woman；　I　concluded　that　everything　was　possibly　invented；　and　grew　quite　cautious。　If　I　could　come　to　no　conclusion；　I　was　considerably　helped　by　Heusinger's　other　proposition；　asking　myself；　‘‘Flower…pictures　or　historical　subjects？''　　And　here　again　I　found　something　to　go　by；　and　the　need　to　be　suspicious。　I　repeat；　no　evidence　is　to　be　attained　in　this　way；　but　we　frequently　win　when　we　are　warned　beforehand。


（3）　_Sexual　Peculiarities_。

Section　65。　（a）　General　Considerations。

Even　if　we　know　that　hunger　and　love　are　not　the　only　things　that　sustain　impulse；　we　also　know　the　profound　influence　that　love　and　all　that　depends　upon　it　exercise　from　time　immemorial　on　the　course　of　events。　This　being　generally　true；　the　question　of　the　influence　of　sex　on　woman　is　more　important　than　that　of　its　influence　on　man；　for　a　large　number　of　profound　conditions　are　at　work　in　the　former　which　are　absent　in　the　latter。　Hence；　it　is　in　no　way　sufficient　to　consider　only　the　physiological　traits　of　the　somatic　life　of　woman；　i。　e。；　menstruation；　pregnancy；　child…birth；　the　suckling　period；　and　finally　the　climacterium。　We　must　study　also　the　possibly　still　more　important　psychical　conditions　which　spring　from　the　feminine　nature　and　are　developed　by　the　demands　of　civilization　and　custom。　We　must　ask　what　it　means　to　character　when　an　individual　is　required　from　the　moment　puberty　begins；　to　conceal　something　for　a　few　days　every　month；　what　it　means　when　this　secrecy　is　maintained　for　a　long　time　during　pregnancy；　at　least　toward　children　and　the　younger　people。　Nor　can　it　be　denied　that　the　custom　which　demands　more　self…control　in　women　must　exercise　a　formative　influence　on　their　natures。　Our　views　do　not　permit　the　woman　to　show　without　great　indirection　whom　she　hates　or　whom　she　likes；　nor　may　she　indicate　clearly　whom　she　loves；　nor　must　she　appear　solicitous。　Everything　must　happen　indirectly；　secretly；　and　approximately；　and　if　this　need　is　inherited　for　centuries；　it　must；　as　a　characteristic；　impart　a　definite　expression　to　the　sex。　This　expression　is　of　great　importance　to　the　criminalist；　it　is　often　enough　to　recall　these　circumstances　in　order　to　find　explanation　for　a　whole　series　of　phenomena。　What　differences　the　modern　point　of　view　and　modern　tendencies　will　make　remains　to　be　seen。　Let　us　now　consider　particular　characteristics。


Section　66。　（b）　Menstruation。

We　men；　in　our　own　life；　have　no　analogy；　not　even　a　remote　one；　to　this　essentially　feminine　process。　In　the　mental　life　of　woman　it　is　of　greater　importance　than　we　are　accustomed　to　suppose。　In　　most　cases　in　which　it　may　be　felt　that　the　fact　of　menstruation　influences　a　crime　or　a　statement　of　facts；　it　will　be　necessary　to　make　use　of　the　court　physician；　who　must　report　to　the　judge。　The　latter　absolutely　must　understand　the　fact　and　influence　of　menstruation。　Of　course　he　must　also　have　general　knowledge　of　the　whole　matter；　but　he　must　require　the　court　physician　definitely　to　tell　him　when　the　event　began　and　whether　any　diseased　conditions　were　apparent。　Then　it　is　the　business　of　the　judge　to　interpret　the　physician's　report　psychologicallyand　the　judge　knows　neither　more　nor　less　psychology；　according　to　his　training；　than　the　physician。　Any　text…book　on　physiology　will　give　the　important　facts　about　menstruation。　It　is　important　for　us　to　know　that　menses　begin；　in　our　climate；　from　the　thirteenth　to　the　fifteenth　year；　and　end　between　the　forty…fifth　and　the　fiftieth　year。　The　periods　are　normally　a　solar　monthfrom　twenty…seven　to　twenty…eight　days；　and　the　me