criminal psychology-第84部分

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ily。''　His　intention　is；　that　even　if　the　woman　agrees　to　have　the　third　child；　the　man　would　be　so　frightened　at　the　pains　of　the　first　child…birth　that　he　never　again　would　permit　himself　to　bear　another。　As　we　can　hardly　say　that　we　have　any　reason　for　asserting　that　the　sexual　needs　of　woman　are　essentially　greater；　or　that　woman　is　better　able　to　bear　more　pain　than　man；　we　are　compelled　to　believe　that　there　must　be　in　woman　an　impulse　lacking　in　man。　This　impulse　must　be　supposed　to　be　so　powerful　that　it　subdues；　let　us　say　briefly；　all　the　fear　of　an　illegitimate　or　otherwise　undesirable　child…birth；　and　this　is　the　impulse　we　mean　by　sexuality；　by　the　maternal　instinct。

It　would　seem　as　if　nature；　at　least　in　isolated　cases；　desires　to　confirm　this　view。　According　to　Icard　there　are　women　who　have　children　simply　for　the　pleasure　of　suckling　them；　the　suckling　being　a　pleasant　sensation。　If；　now；　nature　has　produced　a　sexual　impulse　purely　for　the　sake　of　preserving　the　species；　she　has　given　fuller　expression　to　sexuality　and　the　maternal　instinct　when　she　has　endowed　it　with　an　especial　impulse　in　at　least　a　few　definite　cases。　This　impulse　will　explain　to　the　criminalist　a　large　number　of　phenomena；　especially　the　accommodation　of　woman　to　man's　desires；　and　from　this　along　he　may　deduce　a　number　of　otherwise　difficultly　explainable　psychical　phenomena。

There　is；　of　course；　a　series　of　facts　which　deny　the　existence　of　this　impulsebut　they　only　seem　to。　Child…murder；　the　very　frequent　cruelty　of　mothers　to　their　children；　the　opposition　of　very　young　women　to　bearing　and　bringing　up　children　（cf。　the　educated　among　French　and　American　women）；　and　similar　phenomena　seem　to　speak　against　the　maternal　instinct。　We　must　not　forget；　however；　that　all　impulses　come　to　an　end　where　the　opposed　impulse　becomes　stronger；　and　that　under　given　circumstances　even　the　most　powerful　impulse；　that　of　self…preservation；　may　be　opposed。　All　actions　of　　despair；　tearing　the　beard；　beating　hands　and　feet　together；　rage　at　one's　own　health；　and　finally　suicide　may　ensue。　If　the　mother　kills　her　own　child；　this　action　belongs　to　the　same　series　as　self…damage　through　despair。　The　more　orderly　and　numerous　actions　and　feelings　in　this　direction；　e。　g。；　the　disinclination　of　women　toward　bearing　children；　may　be　explained　also　by　the　fact　that　it　is　the　consequence　of　definite　conditions　of　civilization。　If　we　recall　what　unnatural；　senseless；　and　half　crazy　habits　with　regard　to　nutrition；　dressing；　social　adjustments；　etc。；　civilization　and　fashion　have　forced　upon　us；　we　do　not　need　to　adduce　real　perversity　in　order　to　understand　how　desire　for　comfort；　how　laziness　and　the　scramble　for　wealth　lead　to　suppression　of　the　maternal　instinct。　This　may　also　be　called　degeneration。　There　are　still　other　less　important　circumstances　that　seem　to　speak　against　the　maternal　instinct。　These　consist　primarily　in　the　fact　that　the　sexual　impulse　endures　to　a　time　when　the　mother　is　no　longer　young　enough　to　bear　a　child。　We　know　that　the　first　gray　hair　in　no　sense　indicates　the　last　lover；　and　according　to　Tait；　a　period　of　powerful　sex…impulsion　ensues　directly　after　the　climacterium。　Now　of　what　use；　so　far　as　child…birth　is　concerned；　can　such　an　impulse　be？

But　because　natural　instincts　endure　beyond　their　period　of　purposive　efficiency；　it　does　not　follow　that　they　are　unconnected　with　that　efficiency；　we　eat　and　drink　also　when　the　food　is　superfluous　as　nourishment。　Wonderfully　as　nature　has　adjusted　the　instincts　and　functions　to　definite　purposes；　she　still　has　at　no　point　drawn　fixed　boundaries　and　actually　destroyed　her　instrument　where　the　need　for　it　ceased。　Just　because　nature　is　elsewhere　parsimonious；　she　seems　frequently　extravagant；　yet　that　extravagance　is　the　cheapest　means　of　attaining　the　necessary　end。　Thus；　when　woman's　passion　is　no　longer　required　for　the　function　of　motherhood；　its　impulsion　may　yet　be　counted　on　for　the　psychological　explanation　of　more　than　one　criminal　event。

What　is　important；　is　to　count　the　maternal　instinct　as　a　factor　in　criminal　situations。　If　we　have　done　so；　we　find　explanations　not　only　of　sexual　impropriety；　but　of　the　more　subtle　questions　of　the　more　or　less　pure　relation　between　husband　and　wife。　What　attitude　the　woman　takes　toward　her　husband　and　children；　what　she　demands　of　them；　what　she　sacrifices　for　them；　what　makes　it　possible　for　her　to　endure　an　apparently　unendurable　situation；　what；　again；　undermines　directly　and　suddenly；　in　spite　of　seemingly　small　value；　her　courage　in　life；these　are　all　conditions　which　　appear　in　countless　processes　as　the　distinguishing　and　explaining　elements；　and　they　are　to　be　understood　in　the　single　term；　‘‘maternal　instinct。''　For　a　long　time　the　inexplicability　of　love　and　sexual　impulse　were　offered　as　excuses；　but　these　otherwise　mighty　factors　had　to　be　assigned　such　remarkable　and　self…contradictory　aspects　that　only　one　confusion　was　added　to　another　and　called　explanation。　Now　suppose　we　try　to　explain　them　by　means　of　the　maternal　instinct。


Section　69。　（e）　Submerged　Sexual　Factors。

The　criminal　psychologist　finds　difficulties　where　hidden　impulses　are　at　work　without　seeming　to　have　any　relation　to　their　results。　In　such　cases　the　starting…point　for　explanation　is　sought　in　the　wrong　direction。　I　say　starting…point；　because　‘‘motive''　must　be　conscious；　and　‘‘ground''　might　be　misunderstood。　We　know　of　countless　criminal　cases　which　we　face　powerless　because　we　do　indeed　know　the　criminal　but　are　unable　to　explain　the　causal　connection　between　him　and　the　crime；　or　because；　again；　we　do　not　know　the　criminal；　and　judge　from　the　facts　that　we　might　have　gotten　a　clew　if　we　had　understood　the　psychological　development　of　the　crime。　If　we　seek　for　‘‘grounds；''　we　may　possibly　think　of　so　many　of　them　as　never　to　approach　the　right　one；　if　we　seek　motives；　we　may　be　far　misled　because　we　are　able　only　to　bring　the　criminal　into　connection　with　his　success；　a　matter　which　he　must　have　had　in　mind　from　the　beginning。　It　is　ever　easy　for　us　when　motive　and　crime　are　in　open　connection：　greed；　theft；　revenge；　arson；　jealousy；　murder；　etc。　In　these　cases　the　whole　business　of　examination　is　an　example　in　arithmetic；　possibly　difficult；　but　fundamental。　When；　however；　from　the　deed　to　its　last　traceable　grounds；　even　to　the　attitude　of　the　criminal；　a　connected　series　may　be　discovered　and　yet　no　explanation　is　forthcoming；　then　the　business　of　interpretation　has　reached　its　end；　we　begin　to　feel　about　in　the　dark。　If　we　find　nothing；　the　situation　is　comparatively　good；　but　it　is　exceedingly　bad　in　the　numerous　cases　in　which　we　believe　ourselves　to　have　sighted　and　pursued　the　proper　solution。

Such　a　hidden　source　or　starting…point　of　very　numerous　crimes　is　sex。　That　it　often　works　invisibly　is　due　to　the　sense　of　shame。　Therefore　it　is　more　frequent　in　women。　The　hidden　sexual　starting…　point　plays　its　part　in　the　little　insignificant　lie　of　an　unimportant　woman　witness；　as　well　as　in　the　poisoning　of　a　husband　for　the　sake　of　a　paramour　still　to　be　won。　It　sails　everywhere　under　a　　false　flag；　nobody　permits　the　passion　to　show　in　itself；　it　must　receive　another　name；　even　in　the　mind　of　the　woman　whom　it　dominates。

The　first　of　the　forms　which　the　sexual　impulse　takes　is　false　piety；　religiosity。　This　is　something　ancient。　Friedreich　points　to　the　connection　between　religious　activity　and　the　sexual　organization；　and　cites　many　stories　about　saints；　like　that　of　the　nun　Blanbekin；　of　whom　it　was　said；　‘‘eam　scire　desiderasse　cum　lacrimis；　et　moerore　maximo；　ubinam　esset　praeputium　Christi。''　The　holy　Veronica　Juliani；　in　memory　of　the　lamb　of　God；　took　a　lamb　to　bed　with　her　and　nursed　it　at　her　breast。　Similarly　suggestive　things　are　told　of　St。　Catherine　of　Genoa；　of　St。　Armela；　of　St。　Elizabeth；　of　the　Child　Jesus；　etc。　Reinhard　says　correctly　that　sweet　memories　are　frequently　nothing　more　or　less　than　outbursts　of　hidden　passion　and　attacks　of　sensual　love。　Seume　is　mistaken　in　his　assertion　that　mysticism　lies　mainly　in　weakness　of　the　nerves　and　colicit　lies　a　span　deeper。

The　use　of　this　fact　is　simple。　We　must　discover　whether　a　woman　is　morally　pure　or　sensual；　etc。　This　is　important；　not　only　in　violations　of　morality；　but　in　every　violation　of　law。　The　answers　we　receive　to　questions　on　this　matter　are　almost　without　exception　worthless　or　untrue；　because　the　object　of　the　question　is　not　open　to　view；　is　difficult　to　observe；　and　is　kept　hidden　from　even　the　nearest。　Our　purpose　is；　therefore；　best　attained　by　directing　the　question　to　religious　activity；　religiosity；　and　similar　traits。　These　are　not　only　easy　to　perceive；　but　are　openly　exhibited　because　of　their　nature。　Whoever　assumes　piety；　does　so　for　the　sake　of　other　people；　therefore　does　not　hide　it。　If　religious　extravagance　can　be　reliably　confirmed　by　witnesses；　it　will　rarely　be　a　mistake　to　assume　inclination　to　more　or　less　stifled　sexual　pleasure。

Examples　of　the　relationship　are　known　to　every　one　of　us；　but　I　want　to　cite　two　out　of　my　own　experience　as　types。　In　one　of　them　the　question　turned　on　the　fact　that　a　somewhat　old；　unmarried　woman　had　appropriated　certain　rather　large　trust　sums　and　had　presented　them　to　her　servant。　At　first　every　suspicion　of　the　influence　of　sex　was　set　aside。　Only　the　discovery　of　the　fact　that　in　her　ostentatious　piety　she　had　set　up　an　altar　in　her　house；　and　compelled　her　servant　to　pray　at　it　in　her　company；　called　attention　to　the　deep　interest　of　this　very　moral　maiden　in　her　servant。

The　second　case　dealt　with　the　poisoning　of　an　old；　impotent　　husband　by　his　young　wife。　The　latter　was　not　suspected　by　anybody；　but　at　her　examination　drew　suspicion　to　herself　by　her　unctuous；　pious　appearance。　She　was　permitted　to　express　herself　at　length　on　religious　themes　and　showed　so　very　great　a　love　of　saints　and　religious　secrets　that　it　was　impossible　to　doubt　that　a　glowing　sensuality　must　be　concealed　underneath　this　religious　ash。　Adultery　could　not　be　proved；　she　must　have　for　one　reason　or　another　avoided　it；　and　that　her　impotent　husband　was　unsatisfactory　was　now　indubitab