ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ34²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡remain¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡altogether¡¡¡¡¡¡easy¡¡¡¡¡¡problems¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Take£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡
example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡publishing¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡books¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not£»¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
private¡¡¡¡¡¡publishers¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡present£º¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡presumably¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
State¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sole¡¡¡¡¡¡publisher£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild¡¡
Socialism¡¡the¡¡Federation¡¡du¡¡Livre¡¡will¡¡have¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trade¡¡in¡¡its¡¡
hands¡£¡¡Under¡¡these¡¡circumstances£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡what¡¡MSS¡£¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
printed£¿¡¡It¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡opportunities¡¡exist¡¡for¡¡an¡¡Index¡¡more¡¡rigorous¡¡than¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Inquisition¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡sole¡¡¡¡¡¡publisher£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡would¡¡
doubtless¡¡¡¡¡¡refuse¡¡¡¡¡¡books¡¡¡¡¡¡opposed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Federation¡¡¡¡¡¡du¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡116¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡117¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
Livre¡¡were¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡arbiter£»¡¡what¡¡publicity¡¡could¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡for¡¡works¡¡
criticising¡¡it£¿¡¡And¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡such¡¡political¡¡difficulties¡¡we¡¡should¡¡have£»¡¡as¡¡
regards¡¡¡¡¡¡literature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡censorship¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡eminent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡officials¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡
agreed¡¡to¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡disastrous¡¡when¡¡we¡¡were¡¡considering¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡arts¡¡in¡¡
general¡£¡¡The¡¡difficulty¡¡is¡¡serious£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡way¡¡of¡¡meeting¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡found¡¡if¡¡
literature¡¡is¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡free¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡who¡¡believes¡¡that¡¡manual¡¡and¡¡intellectual¡¡work¡¡should¡¡be¡¡
combined£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡holds¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡authors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡compositors£»¡¡
bookbinders£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡He¡¡even¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡suggest¡¡that¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡the¡¡manual¡¡
work¡¡involved¡¡in¡¡producing¡¡books¡¡should¡¡be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡authors¡£¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡
doubted¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡enough¡¡¡¡¡¡authors¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
possible£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡case¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡think¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡waste¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
time¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡work¡¡they¡¡understand¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡do¡¡badly¡¡work¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡quickly¡£¡¡That£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡touch¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡point£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡question¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡MSS¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
printed¡¡will¡¡be¡¡selected¡£¡¡In¡¡Kropotkin's¡¡plan¡¡there¡¡will¡¡presumably¡¡be¡¡an¡¡
Author's¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Committee¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Management£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡Anarchism¡¡¡¡¡¡allows¡¡
such¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡Committee¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Management¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡decide¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
books¡¡¡¡¡¡submitted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡worthy¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡printed¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Among¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
included¡¡those¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡and¡¡their¡¡friends£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡those¡¡by¡¡their¡¡
enemies¡£¡¡Authors¡¡of¡¡rejected¡¡MSS¡£¡¡will¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡the¡¡patience¡¡to¡¡spend¡¡
their¡¡time¡¡setting¡¡up¡¡the¡¡works¡¡of¡¡successful¡¡rivals£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡an¡¡elaborate¡¡system¡¡of¡¡log¡rolling¡¡if¡¡any¡¡books¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡printed¡¡at¡¡all¡£¡¡It¡¡
hardly¡¡looks¡¡as¡¡if¡¡this¡¡plan¡¡would¡¡conduce¡¡to¡¡harmony¡¡among¡¡literary¡¡men£»¡¡
or¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lead¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡publication¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡book¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡unconventional¡¡
tendency¡£¡¡Kropotkin's¡¡own¡¡books£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡would¡¡hardly¡¡have¡¡found¡¡
favor¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡meeting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡
Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡making¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡
possible¡¡for¡¡an¡¡author¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡for¡¡the¡¡publication¡¡of¡¡his¡¡book¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡such¡¡
as¡¡the¡¡State¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Guild¡¡is¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡print¡¡at¡¡its¡¡own¡¡expense¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡aware¡¡
that¡¡this¡¡method¡¡is¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡Socialism£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡see¡¡what¡¡
other¡¡way¡¡there¡¡is¡¡of¡¡securing¡¡freedom¡£¡¡The¡¡payment¡¡might¡¡be¡¡made¡¡by¡¡
undertaking¡¡to¡¡engage¡¡for¡¡an¡¡assigned¡¡period¡¡in¡¡some¡¡work¡¡of¡¡recognized¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡117¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡118¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
utility¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡hand¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡earnings¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
necessary¡£¡¡The¡¡work¡¡undertaken¡¡might¡¡of¡¡course¡¡be£»¡¡as¡¡Kropotkin¡¡suggests£»¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡manual¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡books£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡
why¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡have¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡absolute¡¡rule¡¡that¡¡no¡¡book¡¡should¡¡
be¡¡refused£»¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡what¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡its¡¡contents¡¡might¡¡be£»¡¡if¡¡payment¡¡
for¡¡¡¡¡¡publication¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡offered¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡standard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rate¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡An¡¡¡¡¡¡author¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡
admirers¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡secure¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡help¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡payment¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡An¡¡¡¡¡¡unknown¡¡
author¡¡¡¡¡¡might£»¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡true£»¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡suffer¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡considerable¡¡¡¡¡¡loss¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡comfort¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡payment£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡automatic¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
eliminating¡¡those¡¡whose¡¡writing¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡any¡¡very¡¡profound¡¡
impulse¡¡and¡¡would¡¡be¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡wholly¡¡an¡¡evil¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Probably¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡similar¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡method¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡desirable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡regards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
publishing¡¡and¡¡performing¡¡of¡¡new¡¡music¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡suggesting¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will£»¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡objected¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡by¡¡
orthodox¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡something¡¡¡¡¡¡repugnant¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
principles¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡¡¡¡¡person¡¡¡¡¡¡paying¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡
work¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡mistake¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡slave¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡system£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡
system£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡applied¡¡¡¡¡¡rigidly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡entail¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
avoided¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡concession¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡exigencies¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡cases¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡On¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
whole£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡wise¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡afford¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡infinitely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡
opportunities¡¡for¡¡the¡¡artist¡¡and¡¡the¡¡man¡¡of¡¡science¡¡than¡¡are¡¡possible¡¡in¡¡a¡¡
capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡community£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡adopted¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡
which¡¡is¡¡fitted¡¡for¡¡this¡¡end¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡provisions¡¡such¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡been¡¡
suggesting¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Possibility¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Appreciation¡£This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡condition¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡
necessary¡¡to¡¡all¡¡who¡¡do¡¡creative¡¡work£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡I¡¡mean¡¡it¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡majority¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡indispensable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡mean¡¡
widespread¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡recognition£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡ignorant£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡sincere¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡
which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡commonly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accorded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡artists¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡achieved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡success¡£¡¡
Neither¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡serves¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡purpose¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡mean¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡
understanding£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡spontaneous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡feeling¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡beauty¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
important¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡thoroughly¡¡commercialized¡¡society£»¡¡an¡¡artist¡¡is¡¡respected¡¡if¡¡
he¡¡makes¡¡money£»¡¡and¡¡because¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡money£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡genuine¡¡
respect¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡art¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡money¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡118¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡119¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
millionaire¡¡whose¡¡fortune¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡in¡¡button¡hooks¡¡or¡¡chewing¡gum¡¡
is¡¡regarded¡¡with¡¡awe£»¡¡but¡¡none¡¡of¡¡this¡¡feeling¡¡is¡¡bestowed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡articles¡¡
from¡¡which¡¡his¡¡wealth¡¡is¡¡derived¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡society¡¡which¡¡measures¡¡all¡¡things¡¡
by¡¡money¡¡the¡¡same¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡be¡¡true¡¡of¡¡the¡¡artist¡£¡¡If¡¡he¡¡has¡¡become¡¡rich¡¡he¡¡
is¡¡respected£»¡¡though¡¡of¡¡course¡¡less¡¡than¡¡the¡¡millionaire£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡pictures¡¡or¡¡
books¡¡or¡¡music¡¡are¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡chewing¡gum¡¡or¡¡the¡¡button¡¡¡hooks¡¡are¡¡
regarded£»¡¡merely¡¡as¡¡a¡¡means¡¡to¡¡money¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡an¡¡atmosphere¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡
difficult¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡artist¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡preserve¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡creative¡¡¡¡¡¡impulse¡¡¡¡¡¡pure£º¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
contaminated¡¡by¡¡his¡¡surroundings£»¡¡or¡¡he¡¡becomes¡¡embittered¡¡through¡¡lack¡¡
of¡¡appreciation¡¡for¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡his¡¡endeavor¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡appreciation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡artist¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
appreciation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡for¡¡an¡¡artist¡¡to¡¡live¡¡in¡¡an¡¡environment¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡judged¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡utility£»¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡intrinsic¡¡
quality¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡flower¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡requires¡¡
something¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡disinterestedness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡capacity¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡direct¡¡
enjoyment¡¡without¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡tomorrow's¡¡problems¡¡and¡¡difficulties¡£¡¡When¡¡
people¡¡are¡¡amused¡¡by¡¡a¡¡joke¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡need¡¡to¡¡be¡¡persuaded¡¡that¡¡it¡¡will¡¡
serve¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡purpose¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡direct¡¡¡¡¡¡pleasure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
involved¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡genuine¡¡¡¡¡¡appreciation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
serious¡¡work¡¡of¡¡a¡¡trade¡¡or¡¡profession£»¡¡is¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡make¡¡people¡¡too¡¡solemn¡¡for¡¡
jokes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡pre¡occupied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡art¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡easing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡struggle£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
diminution¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hours¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lightening¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡burden¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
existence£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡result¡¡from¡¡a¡¡better¡¡economic¡¡system£»¡¡could¡¡hardly¡¡
fail¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡increase¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡joy¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡vital¡¡¡¡¡¡energy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡available¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡sheer¡¡
delight¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡this¡¡were¡¡achieved¡¡there¡¡would¡¡inevitably¡¡be¡¡
more¡¡spontaneous¡¡pleasure¡¡in¡¡beautiful¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡enjoyment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
work¡¡of¡¡artists¡£¡¡But¡¡none¡¡of¡¡these¡¡good¡¡results¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
mere¡¡removal¡¡of¡¡poverty£º¡¡they¡¡all¡¡require¡¡also¡¡a¡¡diffused¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡freedom£»¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡that¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡oppression¡¡by¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡machine¡¡which¡¡now¡¡
weighs¡¡down¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡spirit¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡State¡¡Socialism¡¡can¡¡give¡¡
this¡¡¡¡¡¡sense¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡freedom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡forms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
absorbed¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchist¡¡¡¡¡¡teaching£»¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡degree¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
which¡¡capitalism¡¡is¡¡wholly¡¡incapable¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡general¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡progress¡¡and¡¡achievement¡¡is¡¡an¡¡immense¡¡stimulus¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡119¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡120¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
to¡¡all¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡creative¡¡work¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡will¡¡depend£»¡¡not¡¡
only¡¡in¡¡material¡¡ways£»¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡question¡¡whether¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡production¡¡
in¡¡¡¡¡¡industry¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡agriculture¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡stereotyped¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡continue¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡change¡¡
rapidly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡