ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ35²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
rapidly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡hundred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡years¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Improved¡¡
methods¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡obviously¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡¡at¡¡large£»¡¡when¡¡what¡¡every¡¡man¡¡receives¡¡is¡¡his¡¡
due¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡total¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡labor¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡will¡¡probably¡¡not¡¡be¡¡any¡¡
individuals¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡direct¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡intense¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡technical¡¡
improvements¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡belongs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡manufacture¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡the¡¡
natural¡¡¡¡¡¡conservatism¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡workers¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡prove¡¡¡¡¡¡stronger¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
interest¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡increasing¡¡¡¡¡¡production£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡
methods¡¡are¡¡introduced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡workers¡¡in¡¡any¡¡industry£»¡¡part¡¡at¡¡least¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
benefit¡¡should¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time¡¡to¡¡be¡¡retained¡¡by¡¡them¡£¡¡If¡¡this¡¡is¡¡done£»¡¡
it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡presumed¡¡that¡¡each¡¡Guild¡¡will¡¡be¡¡continually¡¡seeking¡¡for¡¡new¡¡
processes¡¡or¡¡inventions£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡value¡¡those¡¡technical¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡scientific¡¡
research¡¡which¡¡are¡¡useful¡¡for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡With¡¡every¡¡improvement£»¡¡the¡¡
question¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡arise¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡leisure¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
increase¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡dividend¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡commodities¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡
leisure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡now£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
knowledge¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡understanding¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡art¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡artist¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡scientific¡¡
investigator¡¡will¡¡be¡¡far¡¡less¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡than¡¡he¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present¡¡from¡¡the¡¡average¡¡
citizen£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡will¡¡almost¡¡inevitably¡¡be¡¡a¡¡stimulus¡¡to¡¡his¡¡creative¡¡energy¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡think¡¡we¡¡may¡¡fairly¡¡conclude¡¡that£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡of¡¡all¡¡three¡¡
requisites¡¡for¡¡art¡¡and¡¡science£»¡¡namely£»¡¡training£»¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡appreciation£»¡¡
State¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡largely¡¡¡¡¡¡fail¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡remove¡¡¡¡¡¡existing¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡
introduce¡¡new¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own£»¡¡but¡¡Guild¡¡Socialism£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡Syndicalism£»¡¡
if¡¡it¡¡adopted¡¡a¡¡liberal¡¡policy¡¡toward¡¡those¡¡who¡¡preferred¡¡to¡¡work¡¡less¡¡than¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡usual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hours¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡recognized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡occupations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
immeasurably¡¡¡¡¡¡preferable¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rule¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
capitalism¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡dangers£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡will¡¡all¡¡vanish¡¡if¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡
liberty¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡adequately¡¡¡¡acknowledged¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡else£»¡¡
the¡¡road¡¡to¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡best¡¡is¡¡the¡¡road¡¡of¡¡freedom¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡120¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡121¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡VIII¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡WORLD¡¡AS¡¡IT¡¡COULD¡¡BE¡¡MADE¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡IN¡¡the¡¡daily¡¡lives¡¡of¡¡most¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women£»¡¡fear¡¡plays¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡
than¡¡¡¡¡¡hope£º¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡filled¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡thought¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡possessions¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
others¡¡may¡¡take¡¡from¡¡them£»¡¡than¡¡of¡¡the¡¡joy¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡create¡¡in¡¡their¡¡
own¡¡lives¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lives¡¡with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡come¡¡in¡¡contact¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡that¡¡life¡¡should¡¡be¡¡lived¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Those¡¡whose¡¡lives¡¡are¡¡fruitful¡¡to¡¡themselves£»¡¡to¡¡their¡¡friends£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
world¡¡are¡¡inspired¡¡by¡¡hope¡¡and¡¡sustained¡¡by¡¡joy£º¡¡they¡¡see¡¡in¡¡imagination¡¡
the¡¡things¡¡that¡¡might¡¡be¡¡and¡¡the¡¡way¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡
existence¡£¡¡In¡¡their¡¡private¡¡relations¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡pre¡occupied¡¡with¡¡anxiety¡¡
lest¡¡they¡¡should¡¡lose¡¡such¡¡affection¡¡and¡¡respect¡¡as¡¡they¡¡receive£º¡¡they¡¡are¡¡
engaged¡¡in¡¡giving¡¡¡¡¡¡affection¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡freely£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reward¡¡¡¡¡¡comes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
itself¡¡without¡¡their¡¡seeking¡£¡¡In¡¡their¡¡work¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡haunted¡¡by¡¡jealousy¡¡
of¡¡competitors£»¡¡but¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡matter¡¡that¡¡has¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡£¡¡In¡¡
politics£»¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡spend¡¡time¡¡and¡¡passion¡¡defending¡¡unjust¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡
their¡¡class¡¡or¡¡nation£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡aim¡¡at¡¡making¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡happier£»¡¡
less¡¡¡¡¡¡cruel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡conflict¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡rival¡¡¡¡¡¡greeds£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
human¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡beings¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡growth¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dwarfed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡stunted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡
oppression¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡lived¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡spiritthe¡¡¡¡¡¡spirit¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡aims¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡creating¡¡¡¡¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡
possessinghas¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡fundamental¡¡¡¡¡¡happiness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡robbed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡adverse¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡
recommended¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Gospels£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡all¡¡the¡¡great¡¡teachers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡
Those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡freed¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡tyranny¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡fear£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡
they¡¡value¡¡most¡¡in¡¡their¡¡lives¡¡is¡¡not¡¡at¡¡the¡¡mercy¡¡of¡¡outside¡¡power¡£¡¡If¡¡all¡¡
men¡¡could¡¡summon¡¡up¡¡the¡¡courage¡¡and¡¡the¡¡vision¡¡to¡¡live¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way¡¡in¡¡
spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡obstacles¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡discouragement£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
regeneration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡to¡¡begin¡¡by¡¡political¡¡and¡¡economic¡¡reform£º¡¡all¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡needed¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡reform¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡automatically£»¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡
resistance£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡owing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡moral¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regeneration¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡individuals¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
teaching¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Christ¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡nominally¡¡¡¡¡¡accepted¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡
centuries£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡follow¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡persecuted¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡121¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡122¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
before¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Constantine¡£¡¡Experience¡¡has¡¡proved¡¡that¡¡few¡¡are¡¡able¡¡to¡¡
see¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡apparent¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡outcast's¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡inner¡¡¡¡¡¡joy¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
comes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡faith¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡creative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hope¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡domination¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡
overcome£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡enough£»¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡the¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡to¡¡preach¡¡courage¡¡
and¡¡indifference¡¡to¡¡misfortune£º¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡fear£»¡¡
to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡good¡¡life¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡an¡¡unsuccessful¡¡one¡¡in¡¡a¡¡worldly¡¡sense£»¡¡and¡¡
to¡¡diminish¡¡the¡¡harm¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡inflicted¡¡upon¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡not¡¡wary¡¡in¡¡
self¡¡¡defense¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lives¡¡we¡¡know¡¡of£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡they¡¡
may¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡roughly¡¡¡¡divided¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡£¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡are£»¡¡¡¡¡¡first£»¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡due¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
physical¡¡nature£º¡¡among¡¡these¡¡are¡¡death£»¡¡pain¡¡and¡¡the¡¡difficulty¡¡of¡¡making¡¡
the¡¡soil¡¡yield¡¡a¡¡subsistence¡£¡¡These¡¡we¡¡will¡¡call¡¡¡®¡®physical¡¡evils¡£''¡¡Second£»¡¡
we¡¡may¡¡put¡¡those¡¡that¡¡spring¡¡from¡¡defects¡¡in¡¡the¡¡character¡¡or¡¡aptitudes¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡sufferer£º¡¡among¡¡these¡¡are¡¡ignorance£»¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡will£»¡¡and¡¡violent¡¡passions¡£¡¡
These¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡Third¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡depend¡¡
upon¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡one¡¡individual¡¡or¡¡group¡¡over¡¡another£º¡¡these¡¡comprise¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡obvious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tyranny£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡interference¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡development£»¡¡
whether¡¡by¡¡force¡¡or¡¡by¡¡excessive¡¡mental¡¡influence¡¡such¡¡as¡¡may¡¡occur¡¡in¡¡
education¡£¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡®¡®evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡£''¡¡A¡¡social¡¡system¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
judged¡¡by¡¡its¡¡bearing¡¡upon¡¡these¡¡three¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡evils¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡distinction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡kinds¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡sharply¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡drawn¡£¡¡
Purely¡¡¡¡¡¡physical¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡limit£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡sure¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡
reached£º¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡abolish¡¡death£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡can¡¡often¡¡postpone¡¡it¡¡by¡¡science£»¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡ultimately¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡secure¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡majority¡¡
shall¡¡live¡¡till¡¡old¡¡age£»¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡wholly¡¡prevent¡¡pain£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡can¡¡diminish¡¡
it¡¡indefinitely¡¡by¡¡securing¡¡a¡¡healthy¡¡life¡¡for¡¡all£»¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡make¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡
yield¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡fruits¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡abundance¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡labor£»¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡diminish¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
amount¡¡of¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡improve¡¡its¡¡conditions¡¡until¡¡it¡¡ceases¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡evil¡£¡¡
Evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡physical¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡shape¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
illness£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡tyranny¡¡
degrades¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡exercise¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡rule£©¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡suffer¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡£¡¡
Evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡intensified¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
power£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡evil¡¡which¡¡is¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡those¡¡
who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡reasons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡sorts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡122¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡123¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡
intertwined¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡speaking¡¡¡¡¡¡broadly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡distinguish¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡
our¡¡¡¡¡¡misfortunes¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡proximate¡¡¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡material¡¡
world£»¡¡those¡¡which¡¡are¡¡mainly¡¡due¡¡to¡¡defects¡¡in¡¡ourselves£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡which¡¡
spring¡¡from¡¡our¡¡being¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡others¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡main¡¡¡¡¡¡methods¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡combating¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡are£º¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡physical¡¡¡¡¡¡evils£»¡¡
science£»¡¡for¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡character£»¡¡education¡¡£¨in¡¡the¡¡widest¡¡sense£©¡¡and¡¡a¡¡free¡¡
outlet¡¡for¡¡all¡¡impulses¡¡that¡¡do¡¡not¡¡involve¡¡domination£»¡¡for¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡power£»¡¡
the¡¡reform¡¡of¡¡the¡¡political¡¡and¡¡economic¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡society¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡
way¡¡as¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡possible¡¡point¡¡the¡¡interference¡¡of¡¡one¡¡man¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡another¡£¡¡We¡¡will¡¡begin¡¡with¡¡the¡¡third¡¡of¡¡these¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡evil£»¡¡
because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡power¡¡specially¡¡that¡¡Socialism¡¡and¡¡Anarchism¡¡have¡¡
sought¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡remedy¡£¡¡Their¡¡¡¡protest¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡Inequalities¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡wealth¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡rested¡¡
mainly¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡power¡¡conferred¡¡by¡¡
wealth¡£¡¡This¡¡point¡¡has¡¡been¡¡well¡¡stated¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡G¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡H¡£¡¡Cole£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What£»¡¡I¡¡want¡¡to¡¡ask£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡fundamental¡¡evil¡¡in¡¡our¡¡modern¡¡Society¡¡
which¡¡we¡¡should¡¡set¡¡out¡¡to¡¡abolish£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡answers¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡question£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡am¡¡¡¡¡¡sure¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡
very¡¡many¡¡well¡meaning¡¡people¡¡would¡¡make¡¡the¡¡wrong¡¡one¡£¡¡They¡¡would¡¡
answer¡¡¡¡¡¡POVERTY£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡answer¡¡¡¡¡¡SLAVERY¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Face¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡face¡¡
every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡day¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡shameful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡contrasts¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡riches¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡destitution£»¡¡¡¡¡¡high¡¡
dividends¡¡and¡¡low¡¡wages£»¡¡and¡¡painfully¡¡conscious¡¡of¡¡the¡¡futility¡¡of¡¡trying¡¡
to¡¡¡¡¡¡adjust¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡balance¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡charity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡public
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡