ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
ºÏ×âС˵Íø ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ6²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡



theses¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Communist¡¡¡¡¡¡Manifesto¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡contributed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡theory¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡surplus¡¡

value£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡professed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡explain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mechanism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡

exploitation¡£¡¡This¡¡doctrine¡¡is¡¡very¡¡complicated¡¡and¡¡is¡¡scarcely¡¡tenable¡¡as¡¡a¡¡

contribution¡¡to¡¡pure¡¡theory¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡rather¡¡to¡¡be¡¡viewed¡¡as¡¡a¡¡translation¡¡into¡¡

abstract¡¡¡¡¡¡terms¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hatred¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡regarded¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

coins¡¡wealth¡¡out¡¡of¡¡human¡¡lives£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡this¡¡spirit£»¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡in¡¡that¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡disinterested¡¡¡¡¡¡analysis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡read¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡admirers¡£¡¡A¡¡¡¡critical¡¡

examination¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡surplus¡¡value¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡require¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡abstract¡¡¡¡¡¡discussion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡pure¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡theory¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡

bearing¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡practical¡¡truth¡¡or¡¡falsehood¡¡of¡¡Socialism£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡therefore¡¡

seemed¡¡impossible¡¡within¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡volume¡£¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡mind¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡best¡¡¡¡¡¡parts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡book¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡deal¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡facts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

which¡¡Marx's¡¡knowledge¡¡was¡¡encyclopaedic¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡by¡¡these¡¡facts¡¡that¡¡he¡¡

hoped¡¡to¡¡instil¡¡into¡¡his¡¡disciples¡¡that¡¡firm¡¡and¡¡undying¡¡hatred¡¡that¡¡should¡¡

make¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡facts¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

accumulates¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡practically¡¡¡¡unknown¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡¡¡¡¡majority¡¡¡¡of¡¡

those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡live¡¡¡¡¡¡comfortable¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡terrible¡¡¡¡¡¡facts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

economic¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡generates¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡acknowledged¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

very¡¡terrible¡¡system¡£¡¡A¡¡few¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡his¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡facts¡¡will¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡

explain¡¡the¡¡bitterness¡¡of¡¡many¡¡Socialists£º¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡19¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡20¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Broughton¡¡Charlton£»¡¡county¡¡magistrate£»¡¡declared£»¡¡as¡¡chairman¡¡of¡¡

a¡¡meeting¡¡held¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Assembly¡¡Rooms£»¡¡Nottingham£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡14th¡¡January£»¡¡

1860£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®that¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡amount¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡privation¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡suffering¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡the¡¡lace¡¡trade£»¡¡unknown¡¡in¡¡other¡¡

parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kingdom£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡civilized¡¡world¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡Children¡¡of¡¡nine¡¡

or¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡are¡¡dragged¡¡from¡¡their¡¡squalid¡¡beds¡¡at¡¡two£»¡¡three£»¡¡or¡¡four¡¡o¡¡

clock¡¡in¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡and¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡work¡¡for¡¡a¡¡bare¡¡subsistence¡¡until¡¡

ten£»¡¡¡¡¡¡eleven£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡twelve¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡night£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡limbs¡¡¡¡¡¡wearing¡¡¡¡¡¡away£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡frames¡¡

dwindling£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡faces¡¡¡¡¡¡whitening£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡humanity¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡sinking¡¡

into¡¡a¡¡stone¡­like¡¡torpor£»¡¡utterly¡¡horrible¡¡to¡¡contemplate¡£''£§4£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡p¡£¡¡227¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Three¡¡¡¡¡¡railway¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡standing¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡London¡¡¡¡¡¡coroner's¡¡¡¡¡¡jurya¡¡

guard£»¡¡an¡¡engine¡­driver£»¡¡a¡¡signalman¡£¡¡A¡¡tremendous¡¡railway¡¡accident¡¡has¡¡

hurried¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡passengers¡¡into¡¡another¡¡world¡£¡¡The¡¡negligence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

employes¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡misfortune¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡declare¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡voice¡¡

before¡¡the¡¡jury¡¡that¡¡ten¡¡or¡¡twelve¡¡years¡¡before£»¡¡their¡¡labor¡¡only¡¡lasted¡¡eight¡¡

hours¡¡a¡¡day¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡last¡¡five¡¡or¡¡six¡¡years¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡screwed¡¡up¡¡to¡¡14£»¡¡

18£»¡¡and¡¡20¡¡hours£»¡¡and¡¡under¡¡a¡¡specially¡¡severe¡¡pressure¡¡of¡¡holiday¡­makers£»¡¡

at¡¡times¡¡of¡¡excursion¡¡trains£»¡¡it¡¡often¡¡lasted¡¡40¡¡or¡¡50¡¡hours¡¡without¡¡a¡¡break¡£¡¡

They¡¡were¡¡ordinary¡¡men£»¡¡not¡¡Cyclops¡£¡¡At¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡point¡¡their¡¡labor¡­power¡¡

failed¡£¡¡Torpor¡¡seized¡¡them¡£¡¡Their¡¡brain¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡think£»¡¡their¡¡eyes¡¡to¡¡see¡£¡¡

The¡¡thoroughly¡¡¡®¡®respectable''¡¡British¡¡jurymen¡¡answered¡¡by¡¡a¡¡verdict¡¡that¡¡

sent¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡next¡¡assizes¡¡on¡¡a¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡manslaughter£»¡¡and£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡gentle¡¡

¡®¡®rider''¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡verdict£»¡¡¡¡¡¡expressed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pious¡¡¡¡¡¡hope¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡capitalistic¡¡

magnates¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡railways¡¡¡¡¡¡would£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡future£»¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡extravagant¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

purchase¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sufficient¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡labor¡­power£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡¡®¡®abstemious£»''¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®self¡­denying£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®thrifty£»''¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡draining¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡paid¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡­¡¡

power¡££§5£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡237£»¡¡238¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡last¡¡week¡¡of¡¡June£»¡¡1863£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡London¡¡daily¡¡papers¡¡published¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡paragraph¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®sensational''¡¡¡¡¡¡heading£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Death¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡simple¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡­¡¡

work¡£''¡¡It¡¡dealt¡¡with¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡the¡¡milliner£»¡¡Mary¡¡Anne¡¡Walkley£»¡¡20¡¡years¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡age£»¡¡¡¡¡¡employed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡highly¡¡¡¡¡¡respectable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dressmaking¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡establishment£»¡¡

exploited¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lady¡¡¡¡with¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pleasant¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Elise¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡old£»¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡­told¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡20¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡21¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



story¡¡was¡¡once¡¡more¡¡recounted¡£¡¡This¡¡girl¡¡worked£»¡¡on¡¡an¡¡average£»¡¡16¡¡1/2¡¡

hours£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡season¡¡often¡¡30¡¡hours£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡break£»¡¡whilst¡¡her¡¡failing¡¡

labor¡­power¡¡was¡¡revived¡¡by¡¡occasional¡¡supplies¡¡of¡¡sherry£»¡¡port£»¡¡or¡¡coffee¡£¡¡

It¡¡was¡¡just¡¡now¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡season¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡conjure¡¡up¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡twinkling¡¡of¡¡an¡¡eye¡¡the¡¡gorgeous¡¡dresses¡¡for¡¡the¡¡noble¡¡ladies¡¡bidden¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡ball¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡honor¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡newly¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡imported¡¡¡¡¡¡Princess¡¡of¡¡Wales¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Mary¡¡Anne¡¡

Walkley¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡without¡¡intermission¡¡for¡¡26¡¡1/2¡¡hours£»¡¡with¡¡60¡¡other¡¡

girls£»¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡room£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡afforded¡¡¡¡¡¡1/3¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cubic¡¡¡¡¡¡feet¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡air¡¡

required¡¡for¡¡them¡£¡¡At¡¡night£»¡¡they¡¡slept¡¡in¡¡pairs¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stifling¡¡holes¡¡

into¡¡which¡¡the¡¡bedroom¡¡was¡¡divided¡¡by¡¡partitions¡¡of¡¡board¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡was¡¡

one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡millinery¡¡establishments¡¡in¡¡London¡£¡¡Mary¡¡Anne¡¡Walkley¡¡

fell¡¡¡¡¡¡ill¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Friday£»¡¡¡¡¡¡died¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡Sunday£»¡¡¡¡¡¡without£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡astonishment¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Madame¡¡Elise£»¡¡having¡¡previously¡¡completed¡¡the¡¡work¡¡in¡¡hand¡£¡¡The¡¡doctor£»¡¡

Mr¡£¡¡¡¡Keys£»¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡late¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡bed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡duly¡¡¡¡bore¡¡¡¡¡¡witness¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

coroner's¡¡jury¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®Mary¡¡Anne¡¡Walkley¡¡had¡¡died¡¡from¡¡long¡¡hours¡¡of¡¡work¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡crowded¡¡¡¡¡¡workroom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡small¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡badly¡¡¡¡¡¡ventilated¡¡

bedroom¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡doctor¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lesson¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡manners£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

coroner's¡¡jury¡¡thereupon¡¡brought¡¡in¡¡a¡¡verdict¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®the¡¡deceased¡¡had¡¡died¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡apoplexy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

accelerated¡¡by¡¡over¡­work¡¡in¡¡an¡¡over¡­crowded¡¡workroom£»¡¡&c¡£''¡¡¡®¡®Our¡¡white¡¡

slaves£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡cried¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Morning¡¡¡¡¡¡Star£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡organ¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡­traders£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Cobden¡¡

and¡¡Bright£»¡¡¡®¡®our¡¡white¡¡slaves£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡toiled¡¡into¡¡the¡¡grave£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡

part¡¡silently¡¡pine¡¡and¡¡die¡£''£§6£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡239£»¡¡240¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Edward¡¡VI£º¡¡A¡¡statue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡year¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign£»¡¡1547£»¡¡ordains¡¡that¡¡if¡¡

anyone¡¡refuses¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡he¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡condemned¡¡as¡¡a¡¡slave¡¡to¡¡the¡¡person¡¡

who¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡denounced¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡idler¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡master¡¡¡¡¡¡shall¡¡¡¡¡¡feed¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡slave¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡

bread¡¡and¡¡water£»¡¡weak¡¡broth¡¡and¡¡such¡¡refuse¡¡meat¡¡as¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡fit¡£¡¡He¡¡has¡¡

the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡force¡¡him¡¡to¡¡do¡¡any¡¡work£»¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡how¡¡disgusting£»¡¡with¡¡whip¡¡

and¡¡chains¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡slave¡¡is¡¡absent¡¡a¡¡fortnight£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡slavery¡¡

for¡¡life¡¡and¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡branded¡¡on¡¡forehead¡¡or¡¡back¡¡with¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡S£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡

runs¡¡away¡¡thrice£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡executed¡¡as¡¡a¡¡felon¡£¡¡The¡¡master¡¡can¡¡sell¡¡him£»¡¡

bequeath¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡let¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡hire¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡slave£»¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡personal¡¡

chattel¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡cattle¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡slaves¡¡¡¡¡¡attempt¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡masters£»¡¡¡¡they¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡21¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡22¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



are¡¡also¡¡to¡¡be¡¡executed¡£¡¡Justices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peace£»¡¡on¡¡information£»¡¡are¡¡to¡¡hunt¡¡

the¡¡rascals¡¡down¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡happens¡¡that¡¡a¡¡vagabond¡¡has¡¡been¡¡idling¡¡about¡¡for¡¡

three¡¡days£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡his¡¡birthplace£»¡¡branded¡¡with¡¡a¡¡redhot¡¡iron¡¡

with¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡V¡¡on¡¡the¡¡breast¡¡and¡¡be¡¡set¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡in¡¡chains£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡

or¡¡at¡¡some¡¡other¡¡labor¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡vagabond¡¡gives¡¡a¡¡false¡¡birthplace£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡then¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡slave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

corporation£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡be¡¡branded¡¡with¡¡an¡¡S¡£¡¡All¡¡persons¡¡have¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡take¡¡

away¡¡the¡¡children¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vagabonds¡¡and¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡them¡¡as¡¡apprentices£»¡¡the¡¡

young¡¡men¡¡until¡¡the¡¡24th¡¡year£»¡¡the¡¡girls¡¡until¡¡the¡¡20th¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡run¡¡away£»¡¡

they¡¡are¡¡to¡¡become¡¡up¡¡to¡¡this¡¡age¡¡the¡¡slaves¡¡of¡¡their¡¡masters£»¡¡who¡¡can¡¡put¡¡

them¡¡in¡¡irons£»¡¡whip¡¡them£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡like¡£¡¡Every¡¡master¡¡may¡¡put¡¡an¡¡iron¡¡

ring¡¡¡¡¡¡around¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡neck£»¡¡¡¡¡¡arms¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡legs¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡slave£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡easily¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡statute¡¡

provides¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡poor¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡employed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

persons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡willing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡food¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡drink¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡

work¡£¡¡This¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡parish¡­slaves¡¡was¡¡kept¡¡up¡¡in¡¡England¡¡until¡¡far¡¡into¡¡the¡¡

19th¡¡century¡¡under¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡¡®¡®roundsmen¡£''£§7£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§7£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡758£»¡¡759¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Page¡¡after¡¡page¡¡and¡¡chapter¡¡after¡¡chapter¡¡of¡¡facts¡¡of¡¡this¡¡nature£»¡¡each¡¡

brought¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrate¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡fatalistic¡¡¡¡¡¡theory¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡professes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

have¡¡proved¡¡by¡¡exact¡¡reasoning£»¡¡cannot¡¡but¡¡stir¡¡into¡¡fury¡¡any¡¡passionate¡¡

working¡­class¡¡reader£»¡¡and¡¡into¡¡unbearable¡¡shame¡¡any¡¡possessor¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡

in¡¡whom¡¡generosity¡¡and¡¡justice¡¡are¡¡not¡¡wholly¡¡extinct¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Almost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡end¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡volume£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡brief¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡

¡®¡®Historical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tendency¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Accumulation£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡allows¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡

moment's¡¡glimpse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡that¡¡lies¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡present¡¡horror£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡transformation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficiently¡¡

decomposed¡¡the¡¡old¡¡society¡¡from¡¡top¡¡to¡¡bottom£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡are¡¡

turned¡¡into¡¡proletarians£»¡¡their¡¡means¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡into¡¡capital£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡

capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡mode¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡stands¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡feet£»¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡

socialization¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡transformation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡land¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡

means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡cially¡¡¡¡¡¡exploited¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡

m
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡