the dominion of the air-第2部分

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　its　straightforward　course。　　Suppose；　however；　that　as　soon　as　the　side　sail　is　hoisted　a　trail　rope　is　also　dropped　aft　from　a　spar　in　the　rigging。　　The　tendency　of　the　sail　to　fly　round　in　front　is　now　checked　by　the　dragging　rope；　and　it　is　constrained　to　remain　slanting　at　an　angle　on　one　side；　at　the　same　time　the　rate　of　the　balloon　is　reduced　by　the　dragging　rope；　so　that　it　travels　slower　than　the　wind；　which；　now　acting　on　its　slant　sail；　imparts　a　certain　sidelong　motion　much　as　it　does　in　the　case　of　a　sailing　boat。

Lana　having　in　imagination　built　his　ship；　proceeds　to　make　it　float　up　into　space；　for　which　purpose　he　proposes　four　thin　copper　globes　exhausted　of　air。　　Had　this　last　been　his　own　idea　we　might　have　pardoned　him。　　We　have；　however；　pointed　out　that　it　was　not；　and　we　must　further　point　out　that　in　copying　his　great　predecessor　he　fails　to　see　that　he　would　lose　enormous　advantage　by　using　four　globes　instead　of　one。　　But；　beyond　all；　he　failed　to　see　what　the　master　genius　of　Bacon　saw　clearlythat　his　thin　globes　when　exhausted　must　infallibly　collapse　by　virtue　of　that　very　pressure　of　the　air　which　he　sought　to　make　use　of。

It　cannot　be　too　strongly　insisted　on　that　if　the　too　much　belauded　speculations　of　Lana　have　any　value　at　all　it　is　that　they　throw　into　stronger　contrast　the　wonderful　insight　of　the　philosopher　who　so　long　preceded　him。　　By　sheer　genius　Bacon　had　foreseen　that　the　emptied　globe　must　be　filled　with　SOMETHING；　and　for　this　something　he　suggests　〃ethereal　air〃　or　〃liquid　fire；〃　neither　of　which；　we　contend；　were　empty　terms。　　With　Bacon's　knowledge　of　experimental　chemistry　it　is　a　question；　and　a　most　interesting　one；　whether　he　had　not　in　his　mind　those　two　actual　principles　respectively　of　gas　and　air　rarefied　by　heat　on　which　we　launch　our　balloons　into　space　to…day。

Early　progress　in　any　art　or　science　is　commonly　intermittent。　　It　was　so　in　the　story　of　aeronautics。　　Advance　was　like　that　of　the　incoming　tide；　throwing　an　occasional　wave　far　in　front　of　its　rising　flood。　　It　was　a　phenomenal　wave　that　bore　Roger　Bacon　and　left　his　mark　on　the　sand　where　none　other　approached　for　centuries。　　In　those　centuries　men　were　either　too　priest…ridden　to　lend　an　ear　to　Science；　or；　like　children；　followed　only　the　Will…o'…the…Wisp　floating　above　the　quagmire　which　held　them　fast。　　They　ran　after　the　stone　that　was　to　turn　all　to　gold；　or　the　elixir　that　should　conquer　death；　or　the　signs　in　the　heavens　that　should　foretell　their　destinies；　and　the　taint　of　this　may　be　traced　even　when　the　dark　period　that　followed　was　clearing　away。　　Four　hundred　years　after　Roger's　death；　his　illustrious　namesake；　Francis　Bacon；　was　formulating　his　Inductive　Philosophy；　and　with　complete　cock…sureness　was　teaching　mankind　all　about　everything。　　Let　us　look　at　some　of　his　utterances　which　may　help　to　throw　light　on　the　way　he　regarded　the　problem　we　are　dealing　with。

〃It　is　reported；〃　Francis　Bacon　writes；　〃that　the　Leucacians　in　ancient　time　did　use　to　precipitate　a　man　from　a　high　cliffe　into　the　sea；　tying　about　him；　with　strings；　at　some　distance；　many　great　fowles；　and　fixing　unto　his　body　divers　feathers；　spread；　to　breake　the　fall。　　Certainly　many　birds　of　good　wing　（as　Kites　and　the　like）　would　beare　up　a　good　weight　as　they　flie。　　And　spreading　of　feathers；　thin　and　close；　and　in　great　breadth；　will　likewise　beare　up　a　great　weight；　being　even　laid　without　tilting　upon　the　sides。　　The　further　extension　of　this　experiment　of　flying　may　be　thought　upon。〃

To　say　the　least；　this　is　hardly　mechanical。　　But　let　us　next　follow　the　philosopher　into　the　domain　of　Physics。　　Referring　to　a　strange　assertion；　that　〃salt　water　will　dissolve　salt　put　into　it　in　less　time　than　fresh　water　will　dissolve　it；〃　he　is　at　once　ready　with　an　explanation　to　fit　the　case。　　〃The　salt；〃　he　says；　〃in　the　precedent　water　doth　by　similitude　of　substance　draw　the　salt　new　put　in　unto　it。〃　　Again；　in　his　finding；　well　water　is　warmer　in　winter　than　summer；　and　〃the　cause　is　the　subterranean　heat　which　shut　close　in　（as　in　winter）　is　the　more；　but　if　it　perspire　（as　it　doth　in　summer）　it　is　the　less。〃　　This　was　Bacon　the　Lord。　　What　a　falling　offfrom　the　experimentalist's　point　of　viewfrom　Bacon　the　Friar！　　We　can　fancy　him　watching　a　falcon　poised　motionless　in　the　sky；　and　reflecting　on　that　problem　which　to　this　day　fairly　puzzles　our　ablest　scientists；　settling　the　matter　in　a　sentence：　　〃The　cause　is　that　feathers　doe　possess　upward　attractions。〃　　During　four　hundred　years　preceding　Lord　Verulam　philosophers　would　have　flown　by　aid　of　a　broomstick。　　Bacon　himself　would　have　merely　parried　the　problem　with　a　platitude！

At　any　rate；　physicists；　even　in　the　brilliant　seventeenth　century；　made　no　material　progress　towards　the　navigation　of　the　air；　and　thus　presently　let　the　simple　mechanic　step　in　before　them。　　Ere　that　century　had　closed　something　in　the　nature　of　flight　had　been　accomplished。　　It　is　exceedingly　hard　to　arrive　at　actual　fact；　but　it　seems　pretty　clear　that　more　than　one　individual；　by　starting　from　some　eminence；　could　let　himself　fall　into　space　and　waft　himself　away　for　some　distance　with　fair　success　and　safety；　It　is　stated　that　an　English　Monk；　Elmerus；　flew　the　space　of　a　furlong　from　a　tower　in　Spain；　a　feat　of　the　same　kind　having　been　accomplished　by　another　adventurer　from　the　top　of　St。　Mark's　at　Venice。

In　these　attempts　it　would　seem　that　the　principle　of　the　parachute　was　to　some　extent　at　least　brought　into　play。　　If　also　circumstantial　accounts　can　be　credited；　it　would　appear　that　a　working　model　of　a　flying　machine　was　publicly　exhibited　by　one　John　Muller　before　the　Emperor　Charles　V。　at　Nuremberg。　　Whatever　exaggeration　or　embellishment　history　may　be　guilty　of　it　is　pretty　clear　that　some　genuine　attempts　of　a　practical　and　not　unsuccessful　nature　had　been　made　here　and　there；　and　these　prompted　the　flowery　and　visionary　Bishop　Wilkins　already　quoted　to　predict　confidently　that　the　day　was　approaching　when　it　〃would　be　as　common　for　a　man　to　call　for　his　wings　as　for　boots　and　spurs。〃

We　have　now　to　return　to　the　〃tame　goose〃　method；　which　found　its　best　and　boldest　exponent　in　a　humble　craftsman；　by　name　Besnier；　living　at　Sable；　about　the　year　1678。　　This　mechanical　genius　was　by　trade　a　locksmith；　and　must　have　been　possessed　of　sufficient　skill　to　construct　an　efficient　apparatus　out　of　such　materials　as　came　to　his　hand；　of　the　simplest　possible　design。　　It　may　be　compared　to　the　earliest　type　of　bicycle；　the　ancient　〃bone　shaker；〃　now　almost　forgotten　save　by　those　who；　like　the　writer；　had　experience　of　it　on　its　first　appearance。　　Besnier's　wings；　as　it　would　appear；　were　essentially　a　pair　of　double…bladed　paddles　and　nothing　more；　roughly　resembling　the　double…paddle　of　an　old…fashioned　canoe；　only　the　blades　were　large；　roughly　rectangular；　and　curved　or　hollowed。　　The　operator　would　commence　by　standing　erect　and　balancing　these　paddles；　one　on　each　shoulder；　so　that　the　hollows　of　the　blades　should　be　towards　the　ground。　　The　forward　part　of　each　paddle　was　then　grasped　by　the　hands；　while　the　hinder　part　of　each　was　connected　to　the　corresponding　leg。　　This；　presumably；　would　be　effected　after　the　arms　had　been　raised　vertically；　the　leg　attachment　being　contrived　in　some　way　which　experience　would　dictate。

The　flyer　was　now　fully　equipped；　and　nothing　remained　for　him　save　to　mount　some　eminence　and；　throwing　himself　forward　into　space　and　assuming　the　position　of　a　flying　bird；　to　commence　flapping　and　beating　the　air　with　a　reciprocal　motion。　　First；　he　would　buffet　the　air　downwards　with　the　left　arm　and　right　leg　simultaneously；　and　while　these　recovered　their　position　would　strike　with　the　right　hand　and　left　leg；　and　so　on　alternately。　　With　this　crude　method　the　enterprising　inventor　succeeded　in　raising　himself　by　short　stages　from　one　height　to　another；　reaching　thus　the　top　of　a　house；　whence　he　could　pass　over　others；　or　cross　a　river　or　the　like。

The　perfecting　of　his　system　became　then　simply　a　question　of　practice　and　experience；　and　had　young　athletes　only　been　trained　from　early　years　to　the　new　art　it　seems　reasonable　to　suppose　that　some　crude　approach　to　human　flight　would　have　been　effected。　　Modifications　and　improvements　in　construction　would　soon　have　suggested　themselves；　as　was　the　case　with　the　bicycle；　which　in　its　latest　developments　can　scarcely　be　recognised　as　springing　from　the　primitive　〃bone…shaker〃　of　thirty…three　years　ago。　　We　would　suggest　the　idea　to　the　modern　inventor。　　He　will　in　these　days；　of　course；　find　lighter　materials　to　hand。　　Then　he　will　adopt　some　link　motion　for　the　legs　in　place　of　leather　thongs；　and　will　hinge　the　paddle　blades　so　that　they　open　out　with　the　forward　stroke；　but　collapse　with　the　return。　　Then　look　on　another　thirty…three　yearsa　fresh　generationand　our　youth　of　both　sexes　may　find　a　popular　recreation　in　graceful　aerial　exercise。　　The　pace　is　not　likely　to　be　excessive；　and　molestations　from　disguised　policemennot　physically　adapted；　by　the　way；　to　rapid　flightneed　not　be　apprehended。

One　of　the　best　tests　of　Besnier's　measure　of　success　is　supplied　by　the　fact　that　he　had　pupils　as　well　as　imitators。　First　on　this　list　must　be　mentioned　a　Mr。　Baldwin；　a　name　which；　curiously　enough；　twice　over　in　modern　times　comes　into　the　records　of　bold　aerial　exploits。　　This　individual；　it　appears；　purchased　a　flying　outfit　of　Besnier　himself；　and　surpassed　his　master　in　achievement。　　A　little　later　one　Dante　contrived　some　modification　of　the　same　apparatus；　with　which　he　pursued　the　new　mode　of　progress　till　he　met　with　a　fractured　thigh。

But　whatever　the　imitators　of　Besnier　may　have　accomplished；　to　the　honest　smith　must　be　accorded　the　full　credit　of　their　success；　and　with　his　simple；　but　brilliant；　record　left　at　flood　mark；　the　tide　of　progress　ebbed　back　again；　while　mankind　ruminated　over　the　great　problem　in　apparent　inactivity。　　But　not　for　long。　　The　air…pump　about　this　period　was　given　to　the　world；　and　chemists　were　already　busy　investigating　the　nature　of　gases。　　Cavallo　was　experimenting　on　kindred　lines；　while　in　our　own　land　the　rival　geniuses　of　Priestley　and　Cavend