ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
ºÏ×âС˵Íø ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

·Ø-µÚ3²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡



Ò»¾Å¡ðÆßÄê×÷¡£

======================================

±¾Æª×î³õ·¢±íÓÚÒ»¾Å¡ð°ËÄêÁùÔ¡¶ºÓÄÏ¡·Ô¿¯µÚÎåºÅ£¬ÊðÃûÁî·É¡£

¢Ú¾ÚºËÒâ¼´×è¸ô¡£

¢Û°Ùìë¼´°ÙÄê¡£

¢ÜÕ𵩹ŴúÓ¡¶È¶ÔÖйúµÄ³Æºô¡£

¢Ý±ÏÈö¸çÀ­£¨Ô¼Ç°580¡ªÇ°500£©Í¨Òë±Ï´ï¸çÀ­Ë¹£¬¹Å´úÏ£À°Êýѧ¼Ò¡¢ÕÜѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÈÏΪÊýÊÇÍòÎïµÄ±¾ÖÊ£¬ÓÖ°ÑÒôÀֵĺÍг¹é½áΪÊýѧµÄ¹Øϵ£¬´ÓÕâ¸öÀíÂÛ³ö·¢È¥ÊµÑéÒôÂÉ£¬ÖªµÀÒôµÄ¸ßµÍϵ¸ù¾ÝÒô²¨µÄ³¤¶Ì¶ø¶¨£¬Òò´Ë·¢ÏÖÁËÒô½×¡£ËûÓÖ·¢ÏÖÁËÊýѧÉϵġ°±Ï´ï¸çÀ­Ë¹¶¨Àí¡±¡£ÕâÀïµÄ¡°ÉúÀí¡±ËÆÓ¦×÷¡°ÊýÀí¡±¡£

¢ÞÑÇÀïÊ¿¶àµÂ£¨Ç°384¡ªÇ°322£©¹ÅÏ£À°ÕÜѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû¾ßÓбçÖ¤·¨Ë¼Ï룬¶÷¸ñ˹³ÆËûΪ¹Å´úÊÀ½çµÄºÚ¸ñ¶û¡£Ëû¶Ô½âÆÊѧ¡¢ÆøÏóѧ¡¢Â×Àíѧ¡¢ÃÀѧµÈ¶¼ÓÐÑо¿¡£Ö÷ÒªÖø×÷ÓС¶¹¤¾ßÂÛ¡·¡¢¡¶ÐζøÉÏѧ¡·¡¢¡¶ÎïÀíѧ¡·¡¢¡¶Ê«Ñ§¡·µÈ¡£

¢ß°ØÀ­Í¼£¨Ç°427¡ªÇ°347£©¹ÅÏ£À°ÕÜѧ¼Ò£¬¿Í¹ÛΨÐÄÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£¡¶ÚÐÃî˹ƪ¡·ºÍ¡¶°î¹úƪ¡·ÊÇËûËùÖø¡¶¶Ô»°¼¯¡·ÖеÄÁ½Æª¡£¡¶ÚÐÃî˹ƪ¡·½ñÒ롶µÙÂõŷƪ¡·£¬ÊǹØÓÚÓîÖæÉú³ÉµÄÀíÂÛ£»¡¶°î¹úƪ¡·½ñÒ롶ÀíÏë¹ú¡·£¬ÊǹØÓÚÕþÖÎÉç»á¹ÛµãµÄ²ûÊö¡£

¢àµÏÄ¿ËÀè¶à£¨Ô¼Ç°460¡ªÇ°370£©Í¨ÒëµÂÚÓ¿ËÀûÌØ£¬¹ÅÏ£À°Î¨ÎïÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧ¼Ò£¬Ô­×ÓÂ۵Ĵ´Ê¼ÈËÖ®Ò»¡£¡°ÖʵãÂÛ¡±£¬¼´Ô­×ÓÂÛ£¬ÈÏΪÊÀ½çÊÇÓÉÔ­×ÓºÍÐé¿ÕËù×é³É£¬Ô­×ÓÔÚÐé¿ÕÖÐÓÀÔ¶µØÔ˶¯×Å£»Ëü²»¿ÉÉø͸£¬²»¿É·Ö¸î£¬ÓÀÔ¶²»±ä£¬ÊýÄ¿ÎÞÏÞ¡£×ÔÈ»½çÍòÎï¼´ÓÉÕâÖÖÔ­×Ó»¥Ïà½áºÏ¶ø³É¡£

¢áÑÇÀÕÃÜÌáÊ¿£¨Ô¼Ç°287¡ªÇ°212£©Í¨Òë°¢»ùÃ׵£¬¹ÅÏ£À°Êýѧ¼Ò¡¢Á¦Ñ§¼Ò¡£Ëû·¢Ïָܸˡ¢¸¡Á¦µÈ¶¨Àí¡£ÖøÓС¶ÂÛÇòÃæºÍÖùÃæ¡·¡¢¡¶ÂÛ¸¡Ìå¡·¡¢¡¶ÂÛÁ¦Ñ§ÀíÂ۵ķ½·¨¡·µÈ¡£Á÷ÖÊÁ¦Ñ§£¬¼´Á÷ÌåÁ¦Ñ§¡£

¢â嶿ËÁ¢£¨Ô¼Ç°330¡ªÇ°275£©Í¨ÒëÅ·¼¸ÀïµÂ£¬¹ÅÏ£À°Êýѧ¼Ò¡£ËûµÄ¡¶¼¸ºÎÔ­±¾¡·ÊÇÊÀ½çÉÏ×îÔçµÄÒ»²¿ÓÐϵͳµÄÊýѧÖø×÷£¬ÊÇÏÖ´ú¼¸ºÎѧµÄ»ù´¡¡£

¢ÏÏ£Â×£¨¹«ÔªÒ»ÊÀ¼ÍÇ°ºó£©¹ÅÏ£À°Êýѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£ÔÚ»úеѧºÍÁ÷Ìå¾²Á¦Ñ§ÉÏÓÐÐí¶à·¢ÏÖ£¬ÓÖ´´Á¢Èý½ÇÐÎÃæ»ýµÄ¹«Ê½¡£ÖøÓС¶¼¸ºÎѧ¡·¡¢¡¶¿ÕÆøÁ¦Ñ§¡·¡¢¡¶¶ÈÁ¿¡·µÈ¡£Ðµ¾ßѧ£¬¼´»úеѧ¡£

¢ÐÑÇÀûɽµÂ´óѧָÑÇÀúɽ´óͼÊé¹Ý¡£¹«ÔÊÇ°ÈýÊÀ¼Í³õ½¨ÓÚ°£¼°ÑÇÀúɽ´ó³Ç£¬¹ÝÄÚ²ØÊé·á¸»£¬Ñ§ÕßÔƼ¯£¬Ñо¿¸÷ÖÖѧ¿Æ£¬Ðγɵ±Ê±¹ú¼ÊÐÔµÄѧÊõÑо¿ÖÐÐÄ¡£¹«ÔªÇ°ËÄÊ®°ËÄêÂÞÂíÈËÈëÇÖʱ±»·ÙÉÕ¹ý°ë£¬²Ð´æ²¿·Ö´«ËµÓÚ¹«ÔªÁùËÄÒ»Äê°¢À­²®È˹¥Èë¸Ã³Çʱ±»»Ù¡£

¢ÑÔªÖÊÖ¸ÔªËØ¡£

¢ÒÑÇÄÇ¿ËÏ£ÃÀÄÉ£¨Ô¼Ç°588¡ªÔ¼Ç°525£©Í¨Òë°¢ÄÇ¿ËÎ÷Ã×Äᣬ¹ÅÏ£À°Î¨ÎïÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧ¼Ò¡¢×ÔÈ»¿Æѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû°Ñ¿ÕÆøµ±×÷±¾Ô­£¬ÈÏΪËüÊÇÎÞÏ޵ģ¬ÍòÎﶼ´ÓËü²úÉú£¬ÓÖ¸´¹éÓÚËü¡£ÖøÓС¶ÂÛ×ÔÈ»¡·£¬ÒÑʧ´«¡£

¢ÓÏ£À­¿ËÀè¶à£¨Ô¼Ç°540¡ªÔ¼Ç°480£©Í¨ÒëºÕÀ­¿ËÀûÌØ£¬¹ÅÏ£À°Î¨ÎïÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû¾ßÓзḻµÄ×Ô·¢µÄ±çÖ¤·¨Ë¼Ï룬ÁÐÄþ³ÆËûΪ±çÖ¤·¨µÄµì»ùÈËÖ®Ò»¡£ËûÈÏΪÓîÖæÍòÎﶼÆðÔ´Óڻ𣬻ðÊÇÍòÎïµÄ±¾Ô­¡£ÖøÓС¶ÂÛ×ÔÈ»¡·¡£

¢Ô»ª»Ý¶û£¨W£®Whewell£¬1794¡ª1866£©Ó¢¹úÕÜѧ¼Ò¡¢¿Æѧʷ¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶¹éÄÉ¿ÆѧµÄÀúÊ·¡·µÈ¡£

¢ÕÐþÄî³éÏó¸ÅÄî¡£

¢ÖÃûѧ¼´Âß¼­Ñ§¡£

¢×ÐþŦ°ÂÃîµÄ¹Ø¼ü¡£

¢ØÉñ˼ָÀíÏë»òÏëÏñ¡£

Ë®µÀÈÕÓ¼´×ÔÀ´Ë®¡£

£¨22£©ÌìóÃÎÒ¹ú¹Å´ú¶ÔÓ¡¶ÈµÄ³Æºô¡£

£¨23£©Ê¬×£Ö¸¹Å´ú¼ÀìëʱÈÎʬºÍ×£µÄÈË¡£Ê¬£¬´ú±íÊܼÀÕߣ»×££¬Ïòʬף¸æÕß¡£Ê¬×£ÒýÉìΪ³ç°Ý¡£¡¶×¯×Ó¡¤¸ýÉ£³þ¡·£º¡°×Óºú²»ÏàÓëʬ¶ø×£Ö®¡£¡±

£¨24£©ÄÇ˼µÃÀíÑÇ£¨Nestorians£©¼´»ù¶½½ÌÖеÄÄô˹ÍÐÀûÅÉ£¬ÎÒ¹ú¹Å³Æ¾°½Ì¡£ÙÖ˼£¨Jews£©£¬½ñÒëÓÌÌ«¡£

£¨25£©ÌìѧÌìÎÄѧ¡£

£¨26£©Õ¼ÐǼ´¡°Õ¼ÐÇÊõ¡±£¬ÒÔ¹Û²ìÐdz½ÔËÐÐÔ¤ÑÔÈËÊ»ö¸£µÄÒ»ÖÖÎ×Êõ¡£

£¨27£©µã½ð¼´¡°Á¶½ðÊõ¡±£¬ÖйÅʱ´úÆðÔ´ÓÚ°¢À­²®µÄÒ»ÖÖ·½Êõ¡£Í¨ÓÄ£¬¼´¡°½ÓÉñѧ¡±£¬ÈÏΪÓÉÖ±¾õ»òĬʾ¿ÉÒÔÓëÉñ¹í½»Í¨¡£

£¨28£©¿É¶ûÌØ°Ï£¨Cordoba£©Í¨Òë¿Æ¶û¶àÍߣ¬Î÷°àÑÀµØÃû¡£¹«Ôª°ËÊÀ¼Íʱ£¬°¢À­²®ÎÌÃ×ÑÇ×åÇÖÈëÎ÷°àÑÀºóËù½¨Á¢µÄ°×Ò´óʳ¹ú£¨¼´Î÷ÈøÀ­É­µÛ¹ú£©µÄ¶¼³Ç£¬ÊÇÅ·ÖÞÖÐÊÀ¼Í¿ÆѧÓëÒÕÊõµÄÖÐÐÄÖ®Ò»¡£

£¨29£©°Í¸ñ´ïµÂ£¨Baghdad£©Í¨Òë°Í¸ñ´ï£¬ÃÀË÷²»´ïÃ×ÑǵØÃû£¬½ñÒÁÀ­¿ËµÄÊ׶¼¡£¹«ÔªÆßÊÀ¼ÍÄ©£¬°¢À­²®°¢°Î˹×åËù½¨Á¢µÄºÚÒ´óʳ¹ú£¨¼´¶«ÈøÀ­É­µÛ¹ú£©µÄ¶¼³Ç£¬½¨ÓÐͼÊé¹Ý¼°´óѧ¡£

£¨30£©Àí°®ÖÇÖÊѧ¼´ÐÞ´Çѧ¡¢Êýѧ¡¢ÕÜѧ¡¢»¯Ñ§¡£

£¨31£©´¼¾Æ¼´ÒÒ´¼£¬Í¨³Æ¾Æ¾«¡£

£¨32£©ÐÇ±í¼´ÐÇÌåÔËÐÐ±í£¬ÖøÃûµÄÓÐÍÐÀÕ̹£¨Toletan£©ÐDZíºÍÑÇ·áɳ£¨Alphonso£©ÐÇ±í¡£

£¨33£©ÈÕ˹°ÍÄáÑǼ´Î÷°àÑÀ¡£ÈÕ˹°ÍÄáÑÇ֮ѧУ£¬Ö¸ÉèÔڿƶû¶àÍߵĴóѧ¡£

£¨34£©ÌìãÕ¶ôÖ¹¡£

£¨35£©À­¿Ë̹ÚУ¨Ô¼250¡ª330£©¹ÅÂÞÂíÀ­¶¡ÓïÐÞ´Çѧ¼Ò¡£³öÉúÓÚ·ÇÖÞ¡£ËûÐÅÑö»ù¶½½Ì£¬ÖøÓС¶ÉñÖ®½Ì¡·µÈ¡£

£¨36£©¶¡´ï¶û£¨1820¡ª1893£©Í¨Ò붡îì¶û£¬Ó¢¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶ÈÈ¡ª¡ªÒ»ÖÖÔ˶¯ÐÎʽ¡·¡¢¡¶ÂÛÉù¡·µÈ¡£

£¨37£©ÁéÁ¸¾«ÉñʳÁ¸¡£

£¨38£©Â·µÂ£¨M£®Luther£¬1483¡ª1546£©¼´Âí¶¡¡¤Â·µÂ£¬µÂ¹úÊ®ÁùÊÀ¼Í×ڽ̸ĸïÔ˶¯µÄ³«µ¼Õß¡£

£¨39£©¿ËÁéÍþ¶û£¨O£®Cromwell£¬1599¡ª1658£©Í¨Òë¿ËÂ×Íþ¶û£¬Ó¢¹úÕþÖμҡ£ËûÁìµ¼ÁËÊ®ÆßÊÀ¼ÍÓ¢¹ú×ʲú½×¼¶¸ïÃü£¬ÓÚÒ»ÁùËľÅÄêÅд¦Ó¢Íõ²éÀíÒ»ÊÀËÀÐÌ£¬Ðû²¼Ó¢¹úΪ¹²ºÍ¹ú¡£

£¨40£©ÃÖ¶ú¶Ø£¨J£®Milton£¬1608¡ª1674£©Í¨ÒëÃÖ¶û¶Ù£¬Ó¢¹úÊ«ÈË¡¢ÕþÂÛ¼Ò¡£¿ËÂ×Íþ¶û¹²ºÍÕþ¸®Ê±ÔøÈιú»áÃØÊé¡£Ö÷ÒªÖø×÷ÓС¶Ê§ÀÖÔ°¡·¡¢¡¶ÎªÓ¢¹úÈËÉù±ç¡·µÈ¡£

£¨41£©»ªÊ¢¶Ù£¨G£®Washington£¬1732¡ª1799£©ÃÀ¹úÕþÖμҡ£ËûÁìµ¼Ò»ÆßÆßÎåÄêÖÁÒ»Æß°ËÈýÄêÃÀ¹ú·´¶ÔÓ¢¹úÖ³ÃñͳÖεĶÀÁ¢Õ½Õù£¬Ê¤ÀûºóÈÎÃÀ¹úµÚÒ»ÈÎ×Üͳ¡£

£¨42£©¼ÎÀ´ÀÕ£¨T£®Carlyle£¬1795¡ª1881£©Í¨Ò뿨À³¶û£¬Ó¢¹úÖø×÷¼Ò¡¢Àúʷѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû´Ó¹ó×åÁ¢³¡³ö·¢£¬ÅúÅнÒ¶ÁË×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåÖƶȡ£ÖøÓС¶ÂÛÓ¢ÐÛÓëÓ¢ÐÛ³ç°Ý¡·¡¢¡¶·¨¹ú¸ïÃüÊ·¡·µÈ¡£

£¨43£©»è»ÆÖ¸ºÚ°µµÄʱ´ú¡£

£¨44£©Ä¦¸ñÄÇ˼£¨1193¡ª1280£©µÂ¹úÕÜѧ¼Ò¡¢×ÔÈ»¿Æѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû×¢ÖØʵÑ飬¶Ô¶¯ÎïѧºÍÖ²Îïѧ¶¼ÓÐÑо¿¡£

£¨45£©Âå¼°Åà¸ý£¨Ô¼1214¡ªÔ¼1292£©Í¨ÒëÂÞ¼ª¶û¡¤Åà¸ù£¬Ó¢¹úÕÜѧ¼Ò£¬ÊµÑé¿ÆѧµÄÇ°ÇýÕß¡£ÖøÓС¶´óÖø×÷¡·¡¢¡¶Ð¡Öø×÷¡·µÈ¡£¡°ÖйúËùÏ°ÎÅÕß¡±£¬Ö¸¸¥À¼Î÷˹¡¤Åà¸ù£¬¼û±¾Æª×¢£¨60£©¡£

£¨46£©ÂÞ¼ª¶û¡¤Åà¸ùÂÛÊöÔì³ÉÈËÀàÎÞÖªµÄËĸöÔ­ÒòÊÇ£ºÒ»¡¢³ç°ÝȨÍþ£»¶þ¡¢ÒòÑ­¾ÉÏ°£»Èý¡¢¹ÌÖ´Æ«¼û£»ËÄ¡¢¿ñÍý×Ô¸º¡£¼ûËûËùÖø¡¶´óÖø×÷¡·Ò»Êé¡£

£¨47£©»ª»Ý¶ûËù˵µ±Ê±Ñ§Êõ˥΢µÄËĸöÔ­ÒòÊÇ£ºÒ»¡¢¹ÛÄȷ¶¨£»¶þ¡¢¾­ÔºÑ§Åɵķ³ËöÕÜѧ£»Èý¡¢ÉñÃØÖ÷Ò壻ËÄ¡¢µ¥Æ¾ÈÈÇé¶ø²»Æ¾ÀíÖǵÄÖ÷¹ÛÎä¶Ï¡£¼ûËûËùÖø¡¶¹éÄÉ¿ÆѧµÄÀúÊ·¡·Ò»Êé¡£

£¨48£©À»¿¦£¨L£®vonLange£¬1795¡ª1886£©Í¨ÒëÀ¼¿Ë£¬µÂ¹úÀúʷѧ¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶ÊÀ½çÊ·¡·¡¢¡¶ÂÞÂí½Ì»ÊÊ·¡·µÈ¡£

£¨49£©Ê¥¾õÁé¸Ð¡£

£¨50£©Æ…ÀÕÄǶû£¨A£®J£®Fresnel£¬1788¡ª1827£©Í¨Òë·ÆÄù¶ú£¬·¨¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡¢Êýѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÓÃʵÑéÖ¤Ã÷Á˹âµÄ²¨¶¯ÐÔ£¬´´¹âѧÉϵġ°²¨¶¯Ëµ¡±£¬²¢½¨Á¢ÁËÓйصÄÊýѧÀíÂÛÒÔ˵Ã÷¹â²¨ÑÜÉäµÄ¹æÂÉÐÔ¡£ÖøÓС¶¹âµÄÑÜÉä¡·µÈ¡£

£¨51£©ÍþÀÛ˾¼´»ªÀ³Ê¿£¬²Î¿´±¾¾íµÚ23Ò³×¢£¨38£©¡£

£¨52£©±¾Éú£¨R£®W£®Bunsen£¬1811¡ª1899£©£¬µÂ¹ú»¯Ñ§¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶ÆøÌå²â¶¨·¨¡·µÈ¡£¼ªÏ¢»ô¸¦£¨G£®R£®Kirchhoff£¬1824¡ª1887£©£¬Í¨Òë»ù¶û»ô·ò£¬µÂ¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶ÊýѧÎïÀí½²×ù¡·µÈ¡£ËûÓë±¾ÉúÓÚÒ»°ËÎå¾ÅÄ깲ͬÍê³É¡°¹âÆ×·ÖÎö¡±¡£

£¨53£©¸´¹ÅÕâÀïÖ¸·´¶ÔÖÐÊÀ¼ÍºÚ°µµÄ×Ú½ÌͳÖΣ¬¸´Ð˹ÅÏ£À°µÄ¿ÆѧÎÄ»¯¡£

£¨54£©¿ª²¼ÀÕ£¨1571¡ª1630£©Í¨Ò뿪ÆÕÀÕ£¬µÂ¹úÌìÎÄѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÑо¿ÐÐÐÇÔ˶¯µÄ¹ìµÀ£¬·¢ÏÖÁËÐÐÐÇÔ˶¯µÄÈý´ó¶¨ÂÉ£¬±»³ÆΪ¡°¿ªÆÕÀÕ¶¨ÂÉ¡±¡£ÖøÓС¶Á¢Ì弸ºÎѧ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨55£©¸ñÀïÀÛ°¢£¨1564¡ª1642£©Í¨ÒëÙ¤ÀûÂÔ£¬Òâ´óÀûÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡¢ÌìÎÄѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÊÇÁ¦Ñ§Ô­ÀíµÄ·¢ÏÖÕߣ¬È·¶¨Á˹ßÐÔ¶¨ÂÉ¡¢×ÔÓÉÂäÌ嶨ÂɺͺÏÁ¦¶¨ÂÉ¡£Ò»Áù¡ð¾ÅÄêÊ×ÏÈÓÃÍûÔ¶¾µ¹Û²ìºÍÑо¿ÌìÌ壬֤ʵÁ˸ç°×ÄáµÄÓîÖæÌ«ÑôÖÐÐÄ˵¡£ÖøÓС¶Á½ÖÖпÆѧµÄ¶Ô»°¡·¡¢¡¶¹ØÓÚÁ½ÖÖÊÀ½çÌåϵµÄ¶Ô»°¡·µÈ¡£

£¨56£©Ë¼µüÎÄ£¨1548¡ª1620£©ºÉÀ¼Êýѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£¶Ô¾²Á¦Ñ§·½ÃæµÄÁ¦µÄƽºâ¹ØϵÓв»ÉÙ²û·¢¡£ÖøÓС¶¾²Á¦Ñ§¼°Á÷ÌåÁ¦Ñ§¡·µÈ¡£

£¨57£©µÂ£¨1544¡ª1603£©Í¨Ò뼪¶û²®ÌØ£¬Ó¢¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡¢Ò½Ñ§¼Ò¡£¶ÔÓÚ´ÅѧÓв»ÉÙ¹±Ï×£¬´´Á¢´ÅÆø·Ö×Ó˵¡£ÖøÓС¶´ÅʯÂÛ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨58£©¹þά£¨1578¡ª1657£©Ó¢¹úҽѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû·¢ÏÖÁËѪҺѭ»·ÏÖÏó£¬Ê¹ÉúÀíѧȷÁ¢Îª¿Æѧ¡£ÖøÓС¶¶¯ÎïÐÄѪÔ˶¯µÄ½âÆÊÑо¿¡·µÈ¡£

£¨59£©ÁÖÉáÑÇ¿ËÌØÃÀ¼´Òâ´óÀûµÄ¿ÆѧԺ£¬Ò»Áù¡ðÈýÄê´´Á¢ÓÚÂÞÂí¡£

£¨60£©Åà¸ýͨÒ븥À¼Î÷˹¡¤Åà¸ù£¬½ü´úÓ¢¹úΨÎïÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧ¼Ò£¬ÊµÑé¿ÆѧµÄ´´Ê¼ÈË¡£ÖøÓС¶Ð¹¤¾ß¡·£¨¼´ÎÄÖÐËù˵µÄ¡¶¸ñÖÂлú¡·¡¢¡¶Ð»úÂÛ¡·£©¡¢¡¶ÂÛ¿ÆѧµÄ¼ÛÖµºÍ·¢Õ¹¡·µÈ¡£

£¨61£©ÌؼζûͨÒëµÑ¿¨¶ù£¬·¨¹úÕÜѧ¼Ò¡¢Êýѧ¼ÒºÍÎïÀíѧ¼Ò£¬½âÎö¼¸ºÎѧµÄ´´Ê¼ÈË¡£ËûµÄÕÜѧ˼ÏëÇãÏòÓÚ¶þÔªÂÛ¡£ÖøÓС¶ÕÜѧԭÀí¡·£¨¼´ÎÄÖÐËù˵µÄ¡¶ÕÜѧҪÒå¡·£©¡¢¡¶·½·¨ÂÛ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨62£©Íâô¦¼´ÑÝÒï·¨¡£

£¨63£©¹«ÂÛ¼´¶¨Àí¡£

£¨64£©Åà¸ùµÄÕâ¶Î»°£¬¼ûÓÚËûµÄÖø×÷¡¶Ð¹¤¾ß¡·µÚÒ»¾íµÚ¶þÌõ¡£

£¨65£©µÑ¿¨¶ùµÄÕâ¶Î»°£¬¼ûÓÚËûµÄÖø×÷¡¶·½·¨ÂÛ¡·µÚ¶þ±à¡£

£¨66£©²¨¶û£¨1627¡ª1691£©Í¨Ò벨Òå¶ú£¬Ó¢¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡¢»¯Ñ§¼Ò¡£ËûÓÃʵÑé²ûÃ÷ÆøѹÉý½µµÄÔ­Àí£¬·¢ÏÖÖøÃûµÄ¡°²¨Òå¶ú¶¨ÂÉ¡±£»ËûÔÚ»¯Ñ§·ÖÎö·½ÃæÒ²ÓÐÖØÒª¹±Ïס£ÖøÓС¶¹ØÓÚ¿ÕÆøµ¯ÐÔ¼°ÆäЧӦµÄÎïÀí¡ª¡ªÁ¦Ñ§µÄÐÂʵÑé¡·¡¢¡¶¹ØÓÚÑÕÉ«µÄʵÑéÓëÏë·¨¡·µÈ¡£

£¨67£©Äζˣ¨1642¡ª1727£©Í¨ÒëÅ£¶Ù£¬Ó¢¹úÊýѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû·¢ÏÖÁËÁ¦Ñ§»ù±¾¶¨ÂÉ¡¢ÍòÓÐÒýÁ¦¶¨ÂÉ£¬´´Á¢ÁË΢»ý·ÖѧºÍ¹âµÄ·ÖÎö¡£ÖøÓС¶×ÔÈ»ÕÜѧµÄÊýѧԭÀí¡·¡¢¡¶¹âѧ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨68£©°Í˹¼Ó¶ú£¨1623¡ª1662£©Í¨ÒëÅÁ˹¿¨£¬·¨¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡¢Êýѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÓÃË®ÒøÆ÷²âÁ¿´óÆøµÄѹÁ¦£¬·¢ÏÖ¡°ÅÁ˹¿¨¶¨ÂÉ¡±¡£ÖøÓС¶¹ØÓÚÕæ¿ÕµÄÐÂʵÑéÓëÏë·¨¡·¡¢¡¶ËãÊõÈý½ÇÂÛ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨69£©¶àÁÒÉáÀ裨1608¡ª1647£©Í¨ÒëÍÐÀï²ðÀû£¬Òâ´óÀûÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡¢Êýѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû´ÓË®Àû¹¤³ÌÖÐÑо¿ÒºÌåµÄÔ˶¯£¬·¢Ã÷Æøѹ¼Æ¡£ÖøÓС¶Ô˶¯ÂÛ¡·¡¢¡¶¼¸ºÎ¸Åò¡·µÈ¡£

£¨70£©Ä¦ÀÕ±ÏÆ棨1628¡ª1694£©Í¨ÒëÂí¶û±È»ù£¬Òâ´óÀû½âÆÊѧ¼Ò¡£Ëû¾«ÃܵØÑо¿ÁËÉúÀí×éÖ¯£¬·¢ÏÖëϸ¹Ü¡£ÖøÓС¶·ÎÑ׵ĽâÆÊѧ¹Û²ì¡·¡¢¡¶Û°½âÆÊѧ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨71£©ºîʧÀÕ£¨1792¡ª1871£©Í¨ÒëºÕЪ¶ú£¬Ó¢¹úÌìÎÄѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÍê³ÉÁËÈ«ÌìÌåϵͳµÄ¹Û²â£¬ÖøÓС¶ÌìÎÄѧ´ó¸Ù¡·µÈ¡£

£¨72£©À­²¼À­£¨1749¡ª1827£©Í¨ÒëÀ­ÆÕÀ­Ë¹£¬·¨¹úÌìÎÄѧ¼Ò¡¢Êýѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÊÇÓîÖæ½ø»¯ÂÛµÄÏÈÇýÕßÖ®Ò»£¬·¢Õ¹ÁË¿µµÂµÄÐÇÔÆ˵£¬ÈÏΪ̫ÑôϵÊÇÓÉÐÇÔÆ·¢Õ¹¶øÀ´£¬²»ÊÇÉϵ۴´ÔìµÄ£¬²¢ÒÔÌìÌåµÄÔËÐвûÃ÷Å£¶ÙµÄѧ˵£¬ÖøÓС¶ÌìÌåÁ¦Ñ§¡·µÈ¡£

£¨73£©Ñï¾ã£¨1773¡ª1829£©Í¨ÒëÑî¸ñ£¬Ó¢¹úÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£Ñо¿¹âµÄ²¨¶¯£¬·¢ÏÖ¡°Ñî¸ñÂÊ¡±¡£ÖøÓС¶×ÔÈ»ÕÜѧºÍÁ¦Ñ§¹¤ÒÕ½²×ù¡·µÈ¡£

£¨74£©Å·Ë¼µÚµÂ£¨1777¡ª1851£©µ¤ÂóÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£Ò»°Ë¶þ¡ðÄêͨ¹ýʵÑéÑо¿£¬·¢ÏÖµçºÍ´ÅÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£¬µì¶¨Á˵ç´ÅѧµÄ»ù´¡¡£ÖøÓС¶¹ØÓÚµçµÄ²»Ò»ÖÂЧӦµÄʵÑé¡·¡¢¡¶´ó×ÔÈ»µÄÁé»ê¡·µÈ¡£

£¨75£©µü¿ºÍÓ¶ú£¨1778¡ª1841£©Í¨ÒëµÂ¿°¶à£¬ÈðÊ¿Ö²Îïѧ¼Ò¡£Ö÷ÒªÑо¿Ö²ÎïµÄ×ÔÈ»·ÖÀà·¨£¬¶ÔÖ²ÎïÉúÀíѧ¡¢½âÆÊѧµÈ·½ÃæÒ²Óй±Ïס£ÖøÓС¶Ö²Îï½ç×ÔÈ»·ÖÀ೤±à¡·µÈ¡£

£¨76£©ÍþÄÇ£¨1750¡ª1817£©Í¨Òëκ¶ûÄÉ£¬µÂ¹úµØÖÊѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÈÏΪһÇÐÑÒʯ¶¼Óɺ£µ×³Á»ýÐγɣ¬ÊÇ¡°Ë®³ÉѧÅÉ¡±µÄ´´Ê¼ÈË¡£ÖøÓС¶»¯Ê¯µÄÍâ±íÌØÕ÷¡·µÈ¡£

£¨77£©¹þ¶Ø£¨1726¡ª1797£©Í¨ÒëºÕ¶Ù£¬Ó¢¹úµØÖÊѧ¼Ò¡£ËûÈÏΪһÇÐÑÒʯ¶¼ÓÉ»ðɽµÄ±¬·¢Ðγɣ¬ÊÇ¡°»ð³ÉѧÅÉ¡±µÄ´´Ê¼ÈË¡£ÖøÓС¶µØÇòµÄÀíÂÛ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨78£©ÍßÌØ£¨1736¡ª1819£©Ó¢¹ú·¢Ã÷¼Ò¡£Ò»ÆßÆßËÄÄêÍê³É¶ÔԭʼÕôÆû»úµÄÖØ´ó¸Ä½ø£¬Ê¹ËüÄܹ»¹ã·ºÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ¹¤ÒµÉú²ú£¬´Ù³É½ü´úÊ·ÉÏÓÐÃûµÄ²úÒµ¸ïÃü¡£

£¨79£©ÏÔ¾µºâ»ú¼´ÏÔ΢¾µºÍÌìƽ¡£

£¨80£©³ÉÈ»Çê¿Ì£¬ºÜ¿ì¡£¡¶×¯×Ó¡¤´ó×Úʦ¡·£º¡°³ÉȻã¬Þ¾È»¾õ¡£¡±

£¨81£©Á¢²¦Á¢¿Ì¸²Ãð¡£

£¨82£©Ö¸Ò»Æ߰˾ÅÄê·¨¹ú´ó¸ïÃü¡£Õâ´Î¸ïÃü¿ªÊ¼ºó£¬·¨¹ú¹ó×塢ɮ¡¢µØÖ÷µÈ¹´ÒýÆÕ¡¢°ÂµÈ¹ú¾ü¶Ó£¬ÓÚÒ»Æ߾ŶþÄêÆßÔÂÏò·¨¹ú´ó¾Ù½ø¹¥¡£µ±Ê±·¨¹ú¸ïÃüµÄ×ʲú½×¼¶ºÍ°®¹úÈËÃñȺÖÚ·ÜÆðµÖ¿¹£¬°ËÔÂÍÆ·­¾ýÖ÷ÕþÌ壬¾ÅÔÂÕÙ¿ª¹úÃñ¹«»á£¬³ÉÁ¢·¨À¼Î÷¹²ºÍ¹ú£¬×îºó»÷ÍËÁËÍâ¹úÇÖÂÔÕß¡£ÏÂÎÄ˵µ½µÄ¿Æѧ¼ÒÃÉÈÕ¡¢ÄÂÀջݵȶ¼²Î¼ÓÁËÕâÒ»¶·Õù¡£

£¨83£©°¢Â޸꣨F£®Arago¡£1786¡ª1853£©·¨¹úÌìÎÄѧ¼Ò¡¢ÎïÀíѧ¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶´óÖÚÌìÎÄѧ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨84£©ÃÏêÈ£¨G£®Monge£¬1746¡ª1818£©Í¨Òë¸ÇÅÁµÂ¡¤ÃÉÈÕ£¬·¨¹úÊýѧ¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶¾²Á¦Ñ§ÒýÂÛ¡·µÈ¡£

£¨85£©ÓÐÏߵ籨·¢Ã÷ÓÚÒ»°ËÈýÈýÄ꣬ÎÞÏߵ籨ÖÁÒ»°Ë¾Å°ËÄê²Å½øÈëʵ¼ÊÓ¦Óᣴ˴¦ÒÉÓÐÎó¡£

£¨86£©Ä¦Â壨V£®Moreau£¬1763¡ª1813£©·¨¹ú½«¾ü¡£ÏÈѧ·¨ÂÉ£¬ÔÚ·¨¹ú´ó¸ïÃüʱ¼ÓÈë¾ü¶Ó¡£

£¨87£©¼Ó¶ûŵ£¨1753¡ª1823£©Í¨Ò뿨¶ûŵ£¬·¨¹úÊýѧ¼Ò¡¢ÕþÖμҡ£ÖøÓС¶ÂÛ΢»ý·ÖÖеÄÐζøÉÏѧ¡·¡¢¡¶Æ½ºâÓëÔ˶¯µÄ»ù±¾Ô­Àí¡·µÈ¡£

£¨88£©æÚÀÕ¿ËÂ壨A£®F£®deFourcroy£¬1755¡ª1809£©·¨¹ú»¯Ñ§¼Ò¡£ÖøÓС¶²©Ñ§ºÍ»¯Ñ§ÒªÖ¼¡·µÈ¡£

£¨89£©ÄÂÀջݣ¨G£®deMorveau£¬1737¡ª1816£©·¨¹ú»¯Ñ§¼Ò¡£ËûÓë°ÍÁпËÀè¡¢æÚÀÕ¿ËÂåµÈºÏÖøÓС¶»¯Ñ§ÃüÃû·½·¨¡·¡£

£¨90£©°ÍÁпËÀ裨C£®L£®deBerthollet£¬1748¡ª1822£©·¨¹ú»¯Ñ§¼Ò¡£ËûÊÇÈËÔìÏõµÄ·¢Ã÷Õߣ¬ÖøÓС¶Ç׺ÏÁ¦¹æÂÉÑо¿¡·µÈ¡£

£¨91£©ÄÃÆÂÂØ£¨Napol¨¦onBonaparte£¬1769¡ª1821£©¼´ÄÃÆÆÂØ¡¤²¨Äðͣ¬·¨¹ú´ó¸ïÃüʱÆÚ¾üʼҡ¢ÕþÖμҡ£Ò»Æ߾žÅÄêÈι²ºÍ¹úÖ´Õþ¡£Ò»°Ë¡ðËÄÄ꽨Á¢·¨À¼Î÷µÚÒ»µÛ¹ú£¬×Ô³ÆÄÃÆÆÂØÒ»ÊÀ¡£

£¨92£©ÏÁ˹ا¶û£¨1564¡ª1616£©Í¨Òëɯʿ±ÈÑÇ£¬Ó¢¹úÏ·¾ç¼Ò¡¢Ê«ÈË£¬Å·ÖÞÎÄÒÕ¸´ÐËʱÆÚÎÄѧÉϵÄÖ÷Òª´ú±íÈËÎïÖ®Ò»¡£×÷Æ·ÓС¶ÖÙÏÄÒ¹Ö®ÃΡ·¡¢¡¶ÂÞÃÜÅ·ÓëÖìÀöÒ¶¡·¡¢¡¶¹þÄ·À×ÌØ¡·µÈÈýÊ®ÆßÖÖ¡£

£¨93£©Âå·ÆÂÞ£¨1483¡ª1520£©Í¨ÒëÀ­ì³¶û£¬Òâ´óÀû»­¼Ò¡¢µñ¿Ì¼Ò£¬Å·ÖÞÎÄÒÕ¸´ÐËʱÆÚÒÕÊ
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡