ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
ϸ˵Ãñ¹ú´óÎÄÈË-µÚ11²¿·Ö
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡
1918Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔÚÖ¥¼Ó¸çºÍ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÑо¿Ñ§Ï°¡£
1919Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈλص½¿µÄ˶û´óѧÎïÀíϵÈνÌÒ»Äê¡£
1920Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈλØÇ廪Èν̣¬×î³õÇ廪ÇëËû½²ÊÚÊýѧ£¬µ½Ð£ºóÓÖ¼Ó¿ªÒ»ÃÅÓ¢Óï¿Î³Ì£¬ºó½ÌÎñ³¤ÈÃËû¸Ä½ÌÖйúÊ·ºÍÕÜѧ£¬×îºó¾ö¶¨½ÌÊÚÐÄÀíѧºÍÎïÀí¡£ÕâÄ궬£¬Ó¢¹úÖøÃûÕÜѧ¼ÒÂÞËØ£¨B¡£¡¡Russell£©À´»ª£¬Ëûµ£ÈÎÂÞËؽ²Ñ§µÄ·Òë¡£
1921Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎЯÆÞ×ÓÑΰµ½¹þ·ð´óѧÈÎÕÜѧºÍÖÐÎĽ²Ê¦£¬²¢ÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÓïÑÔѧÑо¿¡£
1925Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔٴλØÇ廪´óѧÈν̣¬½ÌÊÚÊýѧ¡¢ÎïÀíѧ¡¢ÖйúÒôÔÏѧ¡¢ÆÕͨÓïÑÔѧ¡¢ÖйúÏÖ´ú·½ÑÔ¡¢ÖйúÀÖÆ×ÀÖµ÷ºÍÎ÷ÑóÒôÀÖÐÀÉ͵ȿγ̡£
1928Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎ×÷ΪÖÐÑëÑо¿ÔºÓïÑÔÑо¿ËùÑо¿Ô±£¬½øÐÐÁË´óÁ¿µÄÓïÑÔÌïÒ°µ÷²éºÍÃñ¼äÒôÀֲɷ繤×÷¡£
1938ÖÁ1939Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎÓÖµ½ÃÀ¹ú£¬ÈνÌÓÚÏÄÍþÒÄ´óѧ£¬¿ªÉèÖйúÒôÀֵȿγ̡£
1938ÖÁ1941Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎÈνÌÓÚҮ³´óѧ¡£
Ö®ºóÎåÄ꣬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔٴε½¹þ·ðÈν̣¬²¢²Î¼Ó¹þ·ð¡¢Ñྩ×ÖµäµÄ±à¼¹¤×÷¡£
´Ó1947Äêµ½1962ÄêÍËÐÝΪֹ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÒ»Ö±ÔÚ²®¿ËÀ³¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ½ÌÊÚÖйúÓïÎĺÍÓïÑÔѧ¿Î³Ì£¬ÍËÐݺóÈÔµ£ÈμÓÖÝ´óѧÀëÖ°½ÌÊÚ¡£
1945Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈε±Ñ¡ÎªÃÀ¹úÓïÑÔѧѧ»áÖ÷ϯ£¬1952ÄêÈÙÈΰ¢¼Óϸ£¨Aggasiz£©»ù½ð»á¶«·½ÓïºÍÓïÎÄѧ½ÌÊÚ£¬1960Ä걻ѡΪÃÀ¹ú¶«·½Ñ§»áÖ÷ϯ¡£
1973Ä꣬ÖÐÃÀ¹ØϵÕý³£»¯²»¾Ã£¬À«±ð´ó½ÈýÊ®ÄêµÄÕÔÔªÈηò¸¾»Ø¹ú̽Ç×£¬Êܵ½Öܶ÷À´×ÜÀíµÄÇ×ÇнӼû£¬ÖÜ×ÜÀíºÍÕÔÔªÈÎ̸µ½ÎÄ×ָĸïºÍÕÔÔªÈÎÖÂÁ¦Ñо¿µÄ¡¶Í¨×Ö·½°¸¡·¡£1981Ä꣬ɥÆÞ²»¾ÃµÄÕÔÔªÈÎÔÙ´ÎÓ¦ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆѧԺÓïÑÔÑо¿ËùÖ®Ñû£¬Ùɳ¤Å®ÕÔÈçÀ¼¡¢Å®Ðö±åѧ»Ç¡¢ËÄÅ®ÕÔСÖÐÔٴλعú̽Ç×£¬Êܵ½È«¹úÕþÐÖ÷ϯµËСƽµÄÈÈÇé½Ó¼û£¬²¢½ÓÊÜÁ˱±¾©´óѧÊÚÓèµÄÃûÓþ½ÌÊڳƺš£
1982Äê2ÔÂ24ÈÕ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÊÅÊÀÓÚÃÀ¹úÂíÈøÖîÈûÖÝ¿²²¼ÀïÆæ¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎÈ¥ÊÀºó£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧΪËûÉèÁ¢ÁËÕÔÔªÈλù½ð»á£¬Í¬Äê4ÔÂ4ÈÕ£¬¸ÃУ¾ÙÐÐÁË¡ÖصÄÕÔÔªÈÎÊÅÊÀ¼ÍÄî»á¡£
¡¾ÓïÑÔ¡¿
ÕÔÔªÈλá˵33ÖÖººÓï·½ÑÔ£¬µ½È«¹ú´ó²¿·ÖµØ·½£¬¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓõ±µØ·½ÑԺ͵±µØÈ˽»Á÷¡£Ëû¾«Í¨Ó¢¡¢µÂ¡¢·¨¡¢ÈÕ¡¢¶í¡¢Ï£À°¡¢À¶¡µÈ¶àÃÅÍâÓÉõÖÁ¾«Í¨ÕâЩÓïÑԵķ½ÑÔ¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎÒò´ËµÃÁ˸ö¡°Õ԰˸硱µÄ´ÂºÅ¡£
ÕÔÔªÈεÄÌý¾õÌرðÁéÃô£¬ËûÄÜÔں̵ܶÄʱ¼äÄÚ¾Íѧ»áÒ»ÖÖ·½ÑÔ£¬´ËºóÖÕÉú²»Íü¡£Ëû¶ùʱ¾ÍչʾÁË·Ç·²µÄÓïÑÔÌ츳£¬Ëûÿµ½Ò»¸öµØ·½¾Óס£¬¾ÍÄÜѸËÙѧ»áµ±µØµÄ·½ÑÔ¡£ÇåÄ©£¬ËûµÄ×游ÔÚ±±·½×ö¹Ù£¬ÄêÓ×µÄÕÔÔªÈÎËæÆä¼ÒÈËÔÚ±±¾©¡¢±£¶¨µÈµØ¾ÓסÆڼ䣬´Ó±£Ä·ÄÇÀïѧ»áÁ˱±¾©»°ºÍ±£¶¨»°¡£5Ëêʱ£¬ÕԻص½¼ÒÏç³£ÖÝ£¬¼ÒÀïΪËûÇëÁËһλµ±µØµÄ¼ÒÍ¥ÀÏʦ£¬ËûÓÖѧ»áÁËÓó£ÖÝ·½ÑÔ±³ËÐËÄÊéÎ御£ºóÀ´£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÓÖ´ÓËûµÄ´óÒÌÄïÄǶùѧ»áÁ˳£Êì»°£¬´Ó²®Ä¸ÄǶùѧ»áÁ˸£ÖÝ»°¡£
ÕÔÔªÈÎ15Ëêʱ¿¼ÈëÄϾ©½ÄϸߵÈѧÌÃѧϰ¡£µ±Ê±È«Ð£270ÃûѧÉúÖУ¬Ö»ÓÐ3ÃûÊǵصÀµÄÄϾ©ÈË£¬ËûÏòÕâÈýλÄϾ©Í¬Ñ§Ñ§»áÁ˵صÀµÄÄϾ©»°¡£Ò»´ÎÔÚijÑçϯÖУ¬ÕÔÔªÈξÓÈ»ÄÜÓÃ8ÖÖ·½ÑÔÓëÀ´×ÔËÄÃæ°Ë·½µÄͬ×À¿ÍÈ˽»Ì¸¡£
Áõ°ëÅ©ÔøÏë±àÒ»±¾¡°ÂîÈËר¼¡±£¬ËûÔÚ¡¶±±¾©³¿±¨¡·ÉÏ¿¯µÇÁËÒ»Ôò¡°´Ö»°ÆôÊ¡±£¬¹«¿ªÕ÷¼¯È«¹ú¸÷µØÂîÈ˵Ļ°¡£ÕÔÔªÈο´µ½Æôʺó£¬À´µ½Áõ°ëÅ©µÄËÞÉᣬÓÃÏæ¡¢´¨¡¢ÍîµÈµØµÄ·½ÑÔ´óÂîÁõ°ëÅ©¡£Ëæºó£¬ÖÜ×÷ÈËÒ²À´ÁË£¬ÓÃÉÜÐËÍÁ»°ÓÖ½«Áõ°ëÅ©´óÂîÁËÒ»¶Ù¡£µ±Áõ°ëÅ©È¥ÉÏ¿Îʱ£¬¾¹ÓÖ±»¹ã¶«¡¢¹ãÎ÷¡¢ºþÄÏ¡¢ºþ±±µÈµØµÄѧÉúÓ÷½ÑÔÂîÁË°ëÌì¡£ºóÀ´£¬ÁõÈ¥°Ý·ÃÕÂÌ«Ñ×£¬±»ÕÂÓùÅÓïÖеĴֻ°´óÂîһͨ¡£
1920Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú½ÌÓý¼Ò¶ÅÍþºÍÓ¢¹úÕÜѧ¼ÒÂÞËØÀ´Öйú½²Ñ§£¬½¯°ÙÀï¡¢²ÌÔªÅà¡¢¶¡ÎĽ¡¢ÌÕÂŧ¡¢Çؾ°ÑôµÈÈ˹²Í¬ÍƼöÕÔÔªÈΣ¬µ£ÈÎÂÞËصķÒ룬ÆäʱÕÔÔªÈÎÒѽÓÊÜÇ廪µÄƸÊ飬ÈËÈ´»¹Ã»Óлص½¹úÄÚ¡£Í¨¹ý²ÌÔªÅà¡¢¶¡ÎĽµÈÈ˵ÄŬÁ¦£¬Ç廪´óѧ×îºóÖÕÓÚ´ðÓ¦ÕÔÔªÈε£ÈÎÂÞËØ·Òëһʡ£ÕÔÔªÈλعúºó£¬ËæÂÞËØÔÚÈ«¹úѲ»Ø½²Ñ§Ò»Äê¡£ÓÉÓÚÕÔÔªÈοڳÝÇåÎú£¬ÖªÊ¶Ô¨²©£¬Ã¿µ½Ò»µØÄÜÓ÷½ÑÔ·Ò룬Òò¶øʹµ±Ê±ÂÞËصĽ²Ñ§±È¶ÅÍþ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄЧ¹û¡£´Ó´Ë£¬ÕÔÔªÈεÄÓïÑÔÌì²ÅµÃµ½Á˹«ÈÏ£¬Ëû×Ô¼ºÒ²¾ö¶¨½«ÓïÑÔѧ×÷ΪÖÕÉíµÄÖ÷ÒªÑо¿·½Ïò¡£
ÂÞËص½Öйú£¬»¹Ð¯´øÆäÅ®ÓѲªÀ¿Ë¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ã¿´ÎÓ¦³ê£¬ÕÔÔªÈβ»½öҪΪÂÞËغͲªÀ¿Ë½øÐзÒ룬»¹Òª·ÒëÖйúÖ÷È˵ķ¢ÑÔ£¬µ«ËûÓ¦¸¶Ô£Èç¡£ÓÐÈË˵£¬Ö»ÓÐÕÔÔªÈβÅÄÜ°ÑÂÞËØÑݽ²µÄÄÚÈÝÍêÍêÕûÕûµØ·³öÀ´£¬¾ÍÁ¬ÂÞËØ˵µÄЦ»°Ò²ÄÜÒëµÄ²»×ßÑù¶ù¡£
ÂÞËصÄÑݽ²Éæ¼°ÐÄÀíѧ¡¢ÉúÀíѧ¡¢Â×Àíѧ¡¢Êýѧ¡¢Âß¼¡¢ÎïÀí¡¢½ÌÓýѧ¡¢Éç»áѧµÈ¶à¸öÁìÓò£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÓ¦¸¶×ÔÈ磬Ëû¾õµÃ£¬Éú»îÖеÄÒ»°ã¿ÍÌ×»°Ê®·ÖÄÑ·Ò룬¶ø·ÒëѧÊõ½²ÑÝ·´µ¹ÈÝÒ×һЩ¡£Ò»´Îµ£ÈÎѧÊõ½²ÑÝ·Òëºó£¬ËûÔÚµ±ÌìµÄÔÚÈÕ¼ÇÖÐдµÀ£º¡°ÎÒ°´¼ºÒâ´ó¼ÓÒýÉê˵Ã÷¡¡ÒÔÒëÔ±µÄÉí·Ý½²£¬±ÈÖ÷½²È˸üÓÐÀÖȤ£¬ÒòΪÒëÔ±½²Íêºó²ÅÒýÆðÌýÖÚ·´Ó¦¡£¡±
ÕÔÔªÈÎΪÂÞËص±·Ò룬ÿµ½Ò»¸öµØ·½£¬Ëû¶¼Óõ±µØµÄ·½ÑÔÀ´·Òë¡£ÂÞËØÔÚº¼ÖÝÑݽ²Ê±£¬ÕÔÔªÈαãÒÔº¼ÖÝ·½ÑÔÀ´·Ò룻ËûÔÚÈ¥³¤É³µÄ;ÖÐÏòºþÄÏÈËѧ»áÁ˳¤É³»°£¬µÈµ½Á˳¤É³£¬ÒѾÄÜÓõ±µØ»°·ÒëÁË¡£½²ÑݽáÊøºó£¬Ò»¸öѧÉúÅÜÉÏÀ´ÎÊËû£º¡°ÕÔÏÈÉú¹ó´¦ÊǺþÄÏÄÄÒ»ÏØ£¿¡±
ÔÚÇ廪ÈνÌʱ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔø±íÑݹý¿Ú¼¼¡°È«¹úÂÃÐС±£º´Ó±±¾©Ñؾ©ººÂ·ÄÏÏ£¬¾ºÓ±±µ½É½Î÷¡¢ÉÂÎ÷£¬³öäü¹Ø£¬ÓɺÓÄÏÈëÁ½ºþ¡¢ËÄ´¨¡¢Ôƹó£¬ÔÙ´ÓÁ½¹ãÈƵ½½Î÷¡¢¸£½¨£¬½øÈë½ËÕ¡¢Õ㽡¢°²»Õ£¬ÓÉɽ¶«¹ý²³º£ÍåÈ붫ÈýÊ¡£¬×îºóÈëɽº£¹Ø·µ¾©¡£ÕâÌË¡°ÂÃÐС±£¬ËûÒ»¿ÚÆø˵Á˽üÒ»¸öСʱ£¬¡°×ß¡±±é´ó°ë¸öÖйú£¬Ã¿¡°µ½¡±Ò»µØ£¬±ãÓõ±µØ·½ÑÔÍÁ»°£¬½éÉÜÃûʤ¹Å¼£ºÍÍÁ»õÌزú¡£
ÔÚÍâ¹úÓï·½Ã棬¾ÝÕÔÔªÈÎ×Ô¼ºËµ£º¡°ÔÚÓ¦ÓÃÎÄ·½Ã棬ӢÎÄ¡¢µÂÎÄ¡¢·¨ÎÄûÓÐÎÊÌâ¡£ÖÁÓÚÒ»°ãÓ÷¨£¬ÔòÈÕ±¾¡¢¹ÅÏ£À°¡¢À¶¡¡¢¶íÂÞ˹µÈÎÄ×Ö¶¼²»³ÉÎÊÌâ¡£¡±
ÓÐÒ»´Î£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔÚ·¨¹úË÷°î£¨sorbonne£©½²ÑÝ£¬ËûÓõÄÊÇ´¿´â±ê×¼¹ú¶¨µÄ·¨¹úÓïÒô¡£Ñݽ²Íê±Ïºó£¬ÌýÖÚ¶ÔËû˵£º¡°Äã·¨¹ú»°ËµµÃÕæºÃ£¬ÄãµÄ·¨¹ú»°±È·¨¹úÈË˵µÃ¶¼ºÃ¡£¡±Ëû³£ÔÚ¹ØÓÚÓïÑÔѧµÄ½²Ñ§»òÖø×÷ÖУ¬Ê¹ÓÃһЩÓÉËû×Ô¼º´´×÷µÄÃîȤºáÉúµÄ¹ÊÊÂÀ´¼ÓÉîÈËÃǵÄÓ¡Ïó¡£
ÓÐÒ»´Î£¬ÕÔÔªÈν²ÓïÑÔÓëÊÂÎï±¾ÉíµÄÔ¼¶¨Ë׳ɹØϵ£¨¼´·Ç±ØÈ»ÁªÏµ£©Ê±Ëµ£º¡°´ÓÇ°ÓиöÀÏÌ«ÆÅ£¬³õ´Î¸úÍâ¹úÈËÓеã½Ó´¥£¬Ëý¾ÍÏ¡ÆæµÃ¼òÖ±²»ÏàÐÅ¡£Ëý˵£¬ËûÃÇ˵»°Õæ¹Ö£¬Ã÷Ã÷ÊÇÎå¸ö£¬·¨¹úÈËƫƫҪ˵ÊÇÈý¸ö£¨cinq£©£»Ã÷Ã÷ÊÇÊ®£¬ÈÕ±¾ÈËƫƫҪ˵ÊǾţ»Ã÷Ã÷ÊÇË®£¬Ó¢¹úÈËƫƫҪ˵ÊÇÎÑÍ·£¨water£©¡£¡±
ÕÔÔªÈεÄÆÞ×ÓÑΰҲ»á¼¸ÖÖ·½ÑÔ¡£ÕÔÔªÈκÍÑΰ½á»éºó£¬ËûÃǶ©ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕ³Ì±í£¬½ñÌì˵¹úÓÃ÷Ìì˵ºþÄÏ»°£¬ºóÌì˵ÉϺ£»°¡£
ÕÔÔªÈÎÔø±àÁËÒ»¸ö¼«¡°ºÃÍæ¶ù¡±µÄµ¥Òô¹ÊÊ£¬ÒÔ˵Ã÷ÓïÒôºÍÎÄ×ÖµÄÏà¶Ô¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡£¹ÊÊÂÃûΪ¡¶Ê©ÊÏʳʨʷ¡·£¬Í¨ÆªÖ»ÓС°shi¡±Ò»¸öÒô£º¡°Ê¯ÊÒÊ«Ê¿Ê©ÊÏ£¬ÊÈʨ£¬ÊÄʳʮʨ¡£ÊÏʱʱÊÊÊÐÊÓʨ¡£Ê®Ê±£¬ÊÊʮʨÊÊÊС£ÊÇʱ£¬ÊÊÊ©ÊÏÊÊÊС£ÊÏÊÓÊÇʮʨ£¬ÊÑʸÊÆ£¬Ê¹ÊÇʮʨÊÅÊÀ¡£ÊÏÊ°ÊÇʮʨʬ£¬ÊÊʯÊÒ¡£Ê¯ÊÒʪ£¬ÊÏʹÊÌÊÃʯÊÒ¡£Ê¯ÊÒÊã¬ÊÏʼÊÔʳʮʨʬ¡£Ê³Ê±£¬Ê¼Ê¶Ê®Ê¨Ê¬£¬ÊµÊ®Ê¯Ê¨Ê¬¡£ÊÔÊÍÊÇÊ¡£¡±´ËÎı»ÊÕÈ롶´ó²»Áе߰ٿÆÈ«Êé¡·¡£
ÕÔÔªÈÎÍíÄêÔø×÷¡¶ïúÎõϷϬ¡·£º¡°Î÷ϪϬ£¬Ï²æÒÏ·¡£ïúÎõϦϦЯϬá㣬ïúÎõϸϸϰϴϬ¡£Ï¬ÎüϪ£¬Ï·Ï®Îõ¡£ïúÎõÎûÎûϣϷ¡£Ï§Ï¬Ë»Ë»Ï²Ï®Îõ¡£¡±Ëû×¢Ã÷£º¡°ïú£¬ÏÄßÇУ¬ÒôÙ⣬ÆëÔÏ¡£Ò»ÐÕÊÏ£¬¶þɽÃû¡£¡±ËûÒÔ´ËÎÄ˵Ã÷ÖйúÎÄ×ÖÖ»ÓÐÐΡ¢Òô¡¢Òåͬʱ³öÏÖ£¬²Å¿É±í´ïÎÄÕÂÒâ˼¡£
»¹ÓÐÒ»Êס¶ßóß󼦡·Ò²ÎªÕÔÔªÈÎËù×÷£ºßóß󼦣¬¼¦ßóß󣬼¸¼¦¼·¼·¼¯»ú¼¹¡£»ú¼«¼²£¬¼¦¼¢¼«£¬¼¦¼½¼º¼¼»÷¼°öê¡£»ú¼È¼Ã¼»çÜ£¬¼¦¼Æ¼²»ú¼¤¼¸öê¡£»ú¼²¼«£¬ö꼫¼Â£¬¼±¼±¼·¼¯í¶¼¶¼Ê¡£¼Ì¼´öê¼£¼«¼Å¼Å£¬¼Ì¼´¼¸¼¦¼È¼¢¼´ßóßó¡£
ÕÔÔªÈθæËßÅ®¶ùÕÔÐÂÄÇ£¬×Ô¼ºÑо¿ÓïÑÔѧÊÇΪÁË¡°ºÃÍæ¶ù¡±¡£ÕÔÔªÈεÄÈýÅ®¶ù½ÐÕÔÀ³ºÛ˼ÃÄ£¬¾ÝÕÔÐÂÄÇ˵£¬¾ÍÊÇ¡°ºÃÍæ¶ù¡±µÄ½á¹û¡£¾³£ÓÐÈËÎÊÆðÕÔÔªÈÎΪʲô¸øÅ®¶ùÆðÕâô³¤µÄÃû×Ö¡£ÔÀ´£¬ÕÔµÄÈýÅ®¶ùСʱºò½Ð¡°LenSei¡±£¬ÊÇÕÔ¸ù¾ÝÆ´ÒôÆ´³öÀ´µÄÁ½¸öÒô½Ú£¬µ«²¢Ã»ÓÐÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄºº×Ö£¬ÉÏѧºó°´Ð³Òôд³É¡°À³ºÛ˼ÃÄ¡±¡£
ÉÏÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎΪÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý¹àÖÆÁôÉùƬ£¬ÒÔÍƹ㡰¹úÓ¡£1925Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈηò¸¾ÓÉ·¨¹úÂíÈü»Ø¹ú£¬Í¾¾Ïã¸Û£¬¿´¼ûÒ»¼ÒЬµêµÄ°×ƤЬºÜºÃ£¬ÓÚÊÇÕÔÔªÈÎÓùúÓï¶ÔµêԱ˵ҪÂòÁ½Ë«Ð¬¡£ÒòΪÕÔÔªÈÎÓÐÒ»¸öÏ°¹ß£¬Óöµ½ºÏÒâµÄЬ×ÜÊÇÂòÁ½Ë«¡£µ±Ê±£¬Ïã¸ÛͨÓõÄÓïÑÔÊÇÓ¢ÓïÓë¹ã¶«»°£¬Í¨Ïþ¹úÓïÕß²»¶à¡£ÕâλµêÔ±µÄ¹úÓïºÜ²î£¬ÎÞÂÛÕÔÔªÈÎÔõô˵Ëû¶¼²»Ã÷°×¡£ÓÚÊÇ£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÉì³öÁ½¸öÊÖÖ¸£¬È»ºóÖ¸Ö¸°×ƤЬ£¬Òâ˼ÊÇÒªÁ½Ë«¡£µêÔ±¿´Á˱ãÉúÆøµØ˵£º¡°Ò»Ë«Ð¬²»¾ÍÊÇÁ½Ö»Â𣿻¹ÒªËµÊ²Ã´£¿¡±×îºóÕÔÔªÈÎÖ»ºÃÂòһ˫ƤЬ¡£ËûÃÇÂòÍ궫Î÷³öÃÅʱ£¬µêÔ±ÓÃŨÖصĹ㶫»°Ëµ£º¡°ÎÒ½¨ÒéÏÈÉúÂòÒ»Ì×¹úÓï¼Òô´Å´øÌýÌý£¬ÄãµÄ¹úÓïÌ«²î¾¢ÁË¡£¡±ÕÔÔªÈÎÎʵÀ£º¡°ËµÄ¹úÓï¼Òô´ø×îºÃ£¿¡±µêԱ˵£º¡°×ÔÈ»ÊÇÕÔÔªÈεÄ×îºÃÁË¡£¡±ÕâʱÑΰÔÚÅÔ±ß˵£º¡°Ëû¾ÍÊÇÕÔÔªÈΰ¡£¡¡±µêÔ±·Þ·ÞµØ˵£º¡°±ð¿ªÍæЦÁË£¬ËûµÄ¹úÓï½²µÃÕâô²î£¬ÔõôÄܸúÕÔÔªÈαȣ¿¡±
ÓïÑÔѧ¼Ò³ÂÔÔÚ»ØÒäÎÄÕÂÖÐдµÀ£º¡°ÕÔÔªÈΣ¬ÕÔÔªÈΣ¬ÔÚÎÒÇàÉÙÄêʱ´ú£¬µ½´¦¶¼ÊÇÕÔÔªÈεÄÓ°×Ó¡£¡±ÉÙÄêʱ£¬³Â¾Í×ÅÃÔÓÚÕÔÔªÈηÒëµÄ¡¶°¢Àö˼ÂþÓÎÆæ¾³¼Ç¡·¡£³¤´óÁË£¬Ïëѧ¡°¹úÓ£¬¾Íͨ¹ýÕÔÔªÈεġ¶¹úÓïÁôÉùƬ¿Î±¾¡·½øÐÐѧϰ£¬ºóÀ´ÃÔÉÏÁËÒôÀÖ£¬±ãÃÔÉÏÁËÕÔÔªÈεÄÅóÓÑÏôÓÑ÷½éÉܵı´¶à·Ò¡¶»¶ÀÖËÌ¡·£¬Ò²ÃÔÉÏÁËÕÔÔªÈÎÆ×Çú²¢Ç××ÔÑݳªµÄ¡¶½ÌÎÒÈçºÎ²»ÏëËý¡·¡£
¡¶°®ÀöË¿ÂþÓÎÆæ¾³¡·µÄµÚÒ»¸öÖÐÎÄÒë±¾ÊÇÓÉÕÔÔªÈηÒëµÄ£¬1922ÄêÓÉÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý³ö°æ¡£µ±Ê±ÕÔÔªÈÎÌرðÇ¿µ÷£¬Õâ±¾Êé¡°ÓÖÊÇÒ»±¾ÕÜѧµÄºÍÂ×ÀíѧµÄ²Î¿¼Ê顱¡£
1928Ä꣬ÔÚÕÔÔªÈΡ¢Ç®ÐþͬµÈÈ˵ÄŬÁ¦Ï£¬ÄϾ©Õþ¸®´óѧԺÕýʽ¹«²¼ÁË¡¶¹úÓïÂÞÂí×ÖÆ´Òô·¨Ê½¡·×÷Ϊ¹úÒô×ÖĸµÚ¶þʽ£¬ÕÔÔªÈθßÐ˵ØÔÚÕâÌìµÄÈÕ¼ÇÖÐдÏ£º¡°G¡£R¡£yinyiijeouyueh¡¡26ry¡¡hgongbunle£®Hooray£¡¡±£¨¹úÓïÂÞÂí×ÖÒÑÓÚ6ÔÂ26ÈÕ¹«²¼ÁË£¬ºÃÍÛ£¡£©
ÕÔÔªÈÎдПøÁÖÓïÌÃʱ£¬Ð´µÄÊǺº×ÖµÄÓ¢ÎÄ£¬ÀýÈ磺¡°µÒ¶ùÍâÌ꣬ºÀº¦·òÓÍ÷Þ£¿¡±£¨Ç×°®µÄÓïÌã¬Äã½üÀ´Ã¦Ð©Ê²Ã´£¿£©ÁÖÓïÌÿ´Á˷dz£Ï²»¶¡£
ÕÔÔªÈÎÿµ½Ò»¸öµØ·½¶¼Ï²»¶Ñо¿ÓïÑÔ£¬×ܽá¸ÃµØÓïÑÔµÄÌص㡣ÓÐÒ»´ÎËûÔÚÈðµäÒ»¸ö»ð³µÕ¾ÂôƱµ½Malm*£¬¾ÍÓÃƽ³£Ó¢µÂµÈÎÞÉùµ÷ÓïÑÔµÄÓïµ÷Óð뽵µ÷˵ÄǸöµØÃû¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎ˵ÁË°ëÌ죬ÄǸöÂôƱµÄÈ˲ŻÐÈ»´óÎò¡£ÕÔÔªÈη¢ÏÖÂôƱµÄÈ˶ÁMalm*·Â·ðÏñ¹ý¹úÓïµÄÈ¥Éù¼ÓÑôƽ£¬ÓÚÊÇ£¬Ëû·¢ÏÖÈðµäÓïÓÐÉùµ÷¡£
ÕÔÔªÈÎÔøºÍ¼ÒÈËÒ»Æ𿪳µ»·ÓÎÅ·ÖÞ¡£Ëû×ܽáÑØ;µÄ¹ú¼Ò¸úÍâ¹úÈË˵»°µÄ¹ßÀý¡£Ò»Â·ÉÏ·¨¹úÈ˺ͱÈÀûʱÈ˸úËûÃÇ˵·¨ÓºÉÀ¼ÈËÒòΪ֪µÀºÜÉÙÓÐÈË»á˵ºÉÀ¼ÓËùÒÔ¸úÍâ¹úÈ˶à°ë˵ӢÎÄ£»µ½Á˵¹ú˵µÂÓÔÚµ¤ÂóÈ˺ÍÈðµäÈËÔò¾¡Á¿¸úÍâ¹úÈË˵ӢÎÄ¡£Ëû˵£ºÎÒÃÇ¿ª³µ´Ó·¨¡¢ºÉ¡¢±È¡¢µÂ½üº£Ò»´øÌýËûÃÇ˵»°ËùµÃµÄÓ¡Ï󣬲¢²»ÊǹýÒ»¹ú»»Ò»ÖÖÓïÑÔ£¬ÎÒÃǵĸоõ·Ç³£Ïñ×ø×ų¤½ÂÖ´¬´ÓÉϺ£µ½ËÄ´¨Ò»Â·µÄ¿ÚÒô½¥½¥µØ±ä£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÒ»¹úÒ»¹úµØ±ä¡£
ÓÐÒ»´Î£¬ÕÔÔªÈÎÔÚÈðÊ¿µÄµÂÓïÇø£¬ÒòΪËûµÚ¶þÌìÒª¿ª³µµ½Matterhorn¸ßɽÉÏÈ¥£¬ËùÒÔ×¼±¸½«³µË͵½³µÐнøÐÐһϱ£Ñø£¬ÉÏÉÏÈó»¬ÓÍ¡¢¼ì²éһϻúÆ÷¡£ÕâÌìÍíÉÏËûÄÃÁËÒ»±¾´Êµä²éÁËÕâЩ»ú¼þµÄµÂÎÄÃû³Æ¡£µÚ¶þÌìµ½Á˳µÐУ¬³µÐеÄÈË¿´ÕÔÔªÈÎÊÇÍâ¹úÈË£¬·´¶ø˵Æð·¨ÓïÁË¡£ÕÔÔªÈÎ˵£¬ÄDz»³É£¬ÎÒ×òÌìÍíÉÏÓõÄÊǵÂÎĵŦ£¬½ñ¶ù·ÇµÃÓõÂÎIJŻὲÆû³µµÄÊÂÇéÄÅ¡£
ÕÔÔªÈε½ÁËÊÀ½çÈκεط½£¬µ±µØÈ˶¼ÈÏËû×ö¡°ÀÏÏ硱¡£¶þÕ½½áÊøºó£¬Ëûµ½·¨¹ú²Î¼Ó»áÒé¡£ÔÚ°ÍÀè³µÕ¾£¬Ëû¶ÔÐÐÀîԱ˵°ÍÀèÍÁÓÐÐÀîÔ±ÒÔΪËûÊÇÍÁÉúÍÁ³¤µÄ°ÍÀèÈË£¬ÓÚÊǸÐ̾µÀ£º¡°Äã»ØÀ´ÁË°¡£¬ÏÖÔڿɲ»Èç´ÓÇ°ÁË£¬°ÍÀèÇîÁË¡£¡±ºóÀ´£¬ËûÀ´µ½µÂ¹ú°ØÁÖ£¬Óôø°ØÁÖ¿ÚÒôµÄµÂÓïºÍµ±µØÈËÁÄÌì¡£ÁÚ¾ÓһλÀÏÈ˶ÔËû˵£º¡°Éϵ۱£ÓÓ£¬Äã¶ã¹ýÁËÕⳡÔÖÄÑ£¬Æ½Æ½°²°²µØ»ØÀ´ÁË¡£¡±
ÕÔÔªÈεÄÌýÁ¦ºÜºÃ£¬±æÒôÄÜÁ¦Ç¿¡£ËûÄܹ»°ÑÒ»¸ö×ֵķ¢Òô·Ö¼¸²¿·Ö·ÖÎö¿ª£¬´ÓºóÃæµÄ²¿·ÖÄîÆ𣬽«Ò»¸ö×ÖÓɺóÏòÇ°µ¹×ÅÄî¡£ÓÐʱËûÓüÒô»ú¼ÏÂÒ»¶ÎÕâÖֹŹֵķ¢Òô£¬È»ºóÓÃÄܹ»µ¹×ŷŵļÒô»ú·Å£¬ÌýÆðÀ´¾ÍºÍ°´Õý³£·¢Òô˳ÐòÄîÒ»¶ÎÎÄÕ²¶à¡£Ëû¸ßÐËʱϲ»¶¸øÅóÓÑÃDZíÑÝÕâÖÖ¼¼ÒÕ¡£
1949ÄêÒԺ󣬺úÊÊÈԺܹØÐÄ´ó½µÄÎÄ»¯¶¯¾²¡£Ã«Ô󶫵ÄÊ«´ÊËûÒ²ÈÏÕæ¶Á£¬¼û´ðÀîÊçÒ»µÄÔÏÅܵÃûÁ˱ߣ¬Ëû±ãÈ¥ÎÊÕÔÔªÈΣ¬ÊDz»ÊǺþÄÏ·½ÑÔ¿ÉÒÔÕâÑùѺ£¬ÕÔ´ð·ñ¡£
ÁºÊþäéÔÚÍíÄê¿ÚÊö¡¶Õâ¸öÊÀ½ç»áºÃÂð¡·ÖУ¬Ôø̸µ½¶ÔÕÔÔªÈεÄÆÀ¼Û£º
Áº£ºµ±Ê±ËûÊÇÇ廪¹úѧԺµÄËĸöµ¼Ê¦Ö®Ò»£¬ËûµÄ֪ʶºÜ·á¸»£¬Ìý˵ËûÓÐÕâÑùÒ»¸ö±¾Ê£¬¾ÍÊÇËûÒ»°ã¸úÎÒÃÇÒ»Ñù½²ÆÕͨµÄ±±¾©»°£¬µ«ÊÇËûÈç¹ûµ½Ò»¸öеط½£¬±ÈÈçµ½Á˸£½¨£¬µ½Á˹㶫£¬ËûסÕâôһÌ죬Á½Ì죬Ëû¾ÍÄܽ²ÄǸöµØ·½µÄ»°¡£
°¬£ºÊÇÕâÑù£¬ÎÒÒ²Ìý˵ÁË¡£
Áº£ºÒòΪËû¶®µÃÄǸöµØ·½È˽²»°£¬´ÓÒôÔÏÉÏ£¬´ÓÀûÓÿڳÝÉÏ£¬ËûסÉÏÒ»¡¢Á½Ìì¾ÍÏþµÃÔõôÑù£¬¾Í½²µ±µØµÄ»°£¬È˼ҸæËßÎÒÊÇÕâÑù¡£
°¬£ºÊÇ¡£µ±Ê±ÔÚ²®¿ËÀ³µÄʱºòÒ²Çë½Ì¹ý£¬Ñо¿Õâ±¾ÊéµÄʱºò£¬ÊǹØÓÚÂÞËØ£¬ÒòΪËûÊÇÅã×ÅÂÞËØ×ö·ÒëµÄ¡£
Áº£ºÓÐÒ»¶Î£¬±¾À´·ÒëÊÇÁíÍâÒ»ÈË£¬ºóÀ´²»ÐУ¬ºóÀ´ÂÞËؽ²µÄ¶«Î÷ÄǸöÈË·Òë²»ÁË£¬»¹ÊÇÇëÕÔÏÈÉúÈ¥·Òë¡£
°¬£ºÊÇ°¡£¬ÎÒÒ²Ìý˵±ðµÄ¹ØÓÚËûµÄ±¾ÊµĹÊÊ£¬¾ÍÊÇËû¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÒ»¸öʲô»°µ¹½²£¬ºóÃæµÄ¼¸¸öÒôÏȽ²£¬Ò»´ó¶Î»°¾ÍÊÇÕâ¸öÑù×Ó£¬Â¼ºÃÒÔºó¾Í°Ñ¼Òô´øµ¹·Å£¬»¹ÊÇÕý³£µÄ»°£¬ËûÕýÊÇÓÐÓïÑÔµÄÌì²Å¡£
20ÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú³õ£¬°×»°ÎÄÔ˶¯ÒѳÉÆøºò£¬ÕÔÔªÈοªÊ¼½øÐкº×ÖÆ´Òô»¯Íƹ㡣Ëû±à¼¹àÖÆÁË¡¶¹úÓïÁôÉù»úƬ¿Î±¾¡·£¬ºúÊÊΪ¸ÃÊé×÷Ðò£¬³ÆÒÔÁôÉù»úƬ½Ì¹úÓïûÓеڶþÈ˱ÈÔªÈθüÊÊÒË£¬¸ÃÊé×î´ó³¤´¦ÔÚ±æÒôµÄÕýÈ·£¬Èç±æÉùµ÷±æ·½ÑԵȣ¬ÇÒÊéÖÐÓÃÓï»îÆÃڶг£¬¿ÉÒÔÆƳý½Ì¿ÆÊéÀúÀ´µÄ³ÁÃÆ¡£
1927Ä꣬ÕÔÔªÈ
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԴ´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡