ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
ºÏ×âС˵Íø ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

µËСƽʱ´ú(¸Û°æÎÞɾ½ÚÈ«±¾)×÷Õß:¸µ¸ßÒå-µÚ124²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡


ÆÀ£¿¡¡
ά³ÖͳÖεĺϷ¨ÐÔ¡£Ã«Ô󶫿¿´òÓ®ÄÚÕ½£¬¸Ï×ßÍâ¹úµÛ¹úÖ÷ÒåºÍͳһȫÖйúÈ¡µÃÁËͳÖεĺϷ¨ÐÔ¡£µËСƽ»ñµÃºÏ·¨¡¡
ÐÔ£¬¿¿µÄÊÇÔÚÎĸïµÄ»ìÂÒÖ®ºó»Ö¸´ÖÈÐò£¬ÒÔÎñʵµÄ·½Ê½´¦Àí¹ú¼ÒÃæÁÙµÄÑÏÖØÎÊÌ⣬ʵÏÖÁ˾­¼ÃµÄ¸ßËÙÔö³¤¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öеġ¡
ʱ´ú£¬µËСƽµÄ½Ó°àÈ˸ÃÈçºÎ½¨Á¢×ÔÉíµÄºÏ·¨ÐÔÄØ£¿¡¡
µËСƽµÄ½Ó°àÈËÊܵ½Ñ¹Á¦µÄÔ­ÒòÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇûÓиü¼Ó³É¹¦µØ×èÖ¹¸¯°ÜµÄ·ºÀÄ£¬Ò²Ã»ÓÐΪ½â¾ö²»Æ½µÈÎÊÌâ²ÉÈ¡¸ü¶àµÄ¡¡
´ëÊ©¡£¿Ë·þÕâЩÎÊÌ⽫À´ÓпÉÄܱäµÃ¸üΪÀ§ÄÑ£ºÔÚÈ«Çò¾­¼ÃΣ»úÖУ¬ÖйúÃæ¶ÔµÄ·çÏÕÊÇ£¬ºÜ´ó²¿·ÖÈË»¹Ã»Óлú»áÏíÊÜÔç¡¡
ÏȾ­¼ÃÔö³¤Ê±ÆÚ´øÀ´µÄºÃ´¦£¬¾­¼Ã¾ÍÏÝÈ뻬Æ¡£ÎªÁËÓ¦¶ÔÕâÖÖ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ£¬ÖйúÁìµ¼È˱ØÐë´Ó¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ÒÔÍâÑ°ÕҺϷ¨ÐÔÀ´Ô´£¬¡¡
×¥½ôÔÚ½â¾öijЩ¹«ÖÚ×î¹ØÐĵÄÎÊÌâÉÏÈ¡µÃ½øÕ¹£º¼õÉÙ¸¯°ÜºÍ²»Æ½µÈ£¬ÌṩºÏÀíˮƽµÄÆÕ±éÒ½Áƺ͸£Àû£¬Ïë°ì·¨Ö¤Ã÷ÔÚÑ¡¡¡
°Î¹ÙԱʱÊÇ×ðÖØÃñÒâµÄ¡£¡¡
×÷Ϊ³¬¼¶´ó¹úµÄÖйú£ºµËСƽµÄÒŲú¡¡
ÔÚµËСƽµÄÁ쵼ϣ¬Öйú³öÏÖÁ˲»Í¬Ñ°³£µÄ¸ßËÙ·¢Õ¹£¬ËûµÄ×îºóÒ»´ÎŬÁ¦ÔæÄÏѲÔæʹ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹½øÒ»²½¼Ó¿ì¡£¡¡
ÕâÖÖÔö³¤´øÀ´Ò»¸öÎÊÌ⣺µ±ÖйúµÄ¾­¼Ã¹æÄ£¿ªÊ¼ÓëÃÀ¹úÆ¥µÐʱ£¬Öйú½«ÈçºÎ×÷Ϊ£¿µËСƽÈç¹û»¹»î×ŵĻ°£¬Ëû»á×öʲô£¿¡¡
µËСƽÈÏΪ£¬ÁìÍÁ¾À·×Ó¦µ±Ïȷŵ½Ò»±ß£¬Èøü´ÏÃ÷µÄºóÈËÒÔºÍƽ·½Ê½¼ÓÒÔ½â¾ö¡£ËûËùÀí½âµÄ´ó¾ÖÊÇ£¬²»Òª¶Ô±ß½ç¡¡
¾À·×¹ýÓÚ¼¤¶¯£¬ÖØÒªµÄÊǺÍÆäËû¹ú¼Ò¸ãºÃ¹Øϵ¡£¡¡
¡¡
¡¡
µËСƽÏàÐÅ£¬ÓëÁÚ¹ú±£³ÖºÍÄÀ¹Øϵ£¬¼¯Öо«Á¦¸ãºÍƽ·¢Õ¹£¬·ûºÏÖйúµÄÀûÒæ¡£ËûÓÚ¡¡1974¡¡ÄêÔÚ·¨¹úµÄ¶ÌÔÝÍ£ÁôºÍ¡¡

´ÎÄêµÄ¹úÊ·ÃÎÊÖУ¬¼ÓÇ¿ÁËÓëÅ·Ö޵ĹØϵ¡£Ëû²»µ«ÔÚ¡¡1978¡¡Äê¸ÄÉÆÁËÖÐÈÕ¹Øϵ£¬³ÉΪµÚÒ»¸ö·ÃÎÊÈÕ±¾µÄÖйúÁìµ¼£¬¶øÇÒ¡¡

Ö§³ÖÍƶ¯ÎÄ»¯½»Á÷ÒÔÈ«Ãæ¼ÓÇ¿Á½¹ú¹Øϵ¡£ËûʵÏÖÁËÖÐÃÀ¹ØϵÕý³£»¯£¬Í¨¹ý³É¹¦·ÃÃÀ¼ÓÇ¿ÁËÖÐÃÀ¹Øϵ¡£Ëû¿ª·ÅÁËÓëÄϺ«µÄ¡¡

óÒ×£¬ÎªËûÄÏѲºó²»¾ÃÁ½¹ú½¨½»ÆÌƽÁ˵À·¡£Ëû×î´óµÄ³É¾ÍÖ®Ò»ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ¾­¹ý¡¡30¡¡ÄêµÄ½ôÕŹØϵ֮ºó£¬ÓÚ¡¡1989¡¡ÄêͬËÕÁª¡¡

»Ö¸´ÁËÕý³£½»Íù¡£×ÜÖ®£¬Ëû¸ÄÉÆÁËÖйúÓëÿһ¸öÖØÒª¹ú¼ÒµÄ¹Øϵ¡£¡¡

1974¡¡Ä꣬×÷ΪµÚһλÔÚÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»á·¢ÑÔµÄÖйúÁìµ¼ÈË£¬µËСƽ˵£¬Öйú¾ø²»³Æ°Ô£¬Èç¹ûÖйúѹÆȺͰþÏ÷ÆäËû¹ú¡¡

¼Ò£¬È«ÊÀ½çÔæÓÈÆäÊÇ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬¿ÉÒÔ°ÑÖйúÊÓΪ¡¸Éç»áµÛ¹úÖ÷Ò塹£¬ÓëÖйúÈËÃñÒ»µÀÍÆ·­ËüµÄÕþ¸®¡£1991¡¡Äê¡¡8¡¡Ô£¬¡¡

Ìýµ½ËÕÁªÁìµ¼ÈËÑÇÄÉÒ®·ò£¨Gennady¡¡Yanayev£©¶Ô¸ê°Í׿·ò·¢¶¯Õþ±äµÄÏûÏ¢ºó£¬ÍõÕð¸øµ³ÖÐÑë·¢µç±¨£¬Ìá³öÖйúÓ¦µ±¡¡

±íʾ֧³ÖÑÇÄÉÒ®·òµÄÕþ±ä£¬µËСƽ»Ø´ð˵£º¡¸èº¹âÑø»Þ£¬¾ø²»µ±Í·£¬ÓÐËù×÷Ϊ¡£¡¹£§2414£§ÔÚµËСƽ¿´À´£¬Öйú²»Ó¦²åÊÖÆä¡¡

Ëû¹ú¼ÒµÄÄÚ²¿ÊÂÎñ¡£¡¡

ÔÚµËСƽ֮ºóµÄÄê´ú£¬ÓÉÓÚÖйú±äµÃ¸ü¼ÓÇ¿´ó£¬ÖйúµÄһЩ°²È«×¨¼Ò¾ÍÏñËûÃǵÄÃÀ¹úһЩͬÐÐÒ»Ñù£¬¿ªÊ¼ÕùÂÛÖС¡

¹úÔÚÇ¿´óÖ®ºóÓ¦µ±¼ÌÐø躹âÑø»Þ£¬»¹ÊDzÉÈ¡¸üÇ¿Ó²µÄÁ¢³¡¡£´Ó¡¡2010¡¡µ½¡¡2011¡¡Ä꣬¾­¹ý¼¸¸öÔµÄÕùÂÛÔæÆäÖÐһЩÖйú¡¡

Áìµ¼ÈËÖ÷ÕŸü¶à²ÉÈ¡¹¥ÊÆ£¬ÕⳡÌÖÂÛÒÔÔÞ³ÉÖйú¼ÌÐøÓë¸÷¹ú±£³ÖºÍгÓѺõĹØϵ¶øÊÕ³¡¡£ÈËÃÇÎÞ·¨Ô¤¼ûÖйúδÀ´µÄÁìµ¼¡¡

È˽«ÈçºÎ»Ø´ðÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬µ«ÊǼÙÈçµËСƽ»¹»î×Å£¬ËûÒ»¶¨»á˵£ºÖйú¾ø²»Ó¦µ±³Æ°Ô£¬¾ø²»¸ÉÉæ±ð¹úÄÚ²¿ÊÂÎñ£¬Ó¦µ±Óë¸÷¡¡

¹ú±£³ÖºÍÄÀ¹Øϵ£¬¼¯Öо«Á¦¸ãºÃ¹úÄڵĺÍƽ·¢Õ¹¡£¡¡

£§241£§John¡¡¡¡K¡£¡¡¡¡Fairbank£»¡¡¡¡ed¡££»¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡World¡¡¡¡Order£º¡¡¡¡Traditional¡¡¡¡China's¡¡¡¡Foreign¡¡
Relations¡¡£¨Cambridge£º¡¡Harvard¡¡University¡¡Press£»¡¡1968£©£»¡¡Thomas¡¡J¡£¡¡Barfield£»¡¡Perilous¡¡Frontier£º¡¡
Nomadic¡¡Empires¡¡and¡¡China¡¡£¨Cambridge£»¡¡Eng¡££º¡¡Basil¡¡Blackwell£»¡¡1989£©£»¡¡Paul¡¡Cohen£»¡¡China¡¡
Unbound£º¡¡Evolving¡¡Perspectives¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡Past¡¡£¨New¡¡York£º¡¡Routledge¡¡Curzon£»¡¡2003£©¡£¡¡
£§242£§×ªÒý×Ô¡¡E¡£¡¡Backhouse¡¡and¡¡J¡£¡¡O¡£¡¡P¡£¡¡Bland£»¡¡Annals¡¡&¡¡Memoirs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Court¡¡of¡¡Peking¡¡
£¨Boston£º¡¡Houghton¡¡Mifflin£»¡¡1914£©¡£¡¡
£§243£§Linda¡¡¡¡Jacobson¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡Dean¡¡¡¡Knox£»¡¡¡¡¡¨New¡¡¡¡Foreign¡¡¡¡Policy¡¡¡¡Actors¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡China£»¡¨¡¡¡¡SIPRI¡¡
£¨Stockholm¡¡International¡¡Peace¡¡Research¡¡Institute£©¡¡Policy¡¡Paper¡¡no¡£¡¡26¡¡£¨September¡¡2010£©£»¡¡p¡£¡¡
22¡£¡¡
£§244£§¹ØÓÚ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×Ìåϵ£¬Çë²Î¼û¡¡Edward¡¡S¡£¡¡Steinfeld£»¡¡Playing¡¡Our¡¡Game£º¡¡Why¡¡China's¡¡Rise¡¡
Doesn't¡¡Threaten¡¡the¡¡West¡¡£¨New¡¡York£º¡¡Oxford¡¡University¡¡Press£»¡¡2010£©¡¡
£§245£§ÓйØÖй²µÄÒ»°ã×Å×÷£¬¼û¡¡Richard¡¡McGregor£»¡¡The¡¡Party£º¡¡The¡¡Secret¡¡World¡¡of¡¡China's¡¡
munist¡¡¡¡¡¡Rulers¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨New¡¡¡¡¡¡York£º¡¡¡¡¡¡HarperCollins£»¡¡¡¡¡¡2010£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Yongnian¡¡¡¡¡¡Zheng£»¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡
munist¡¡Party¡¡as¡¡Organizational¡¡Emperor¡¡£¨London¡¡and¡¡New¡¡York£º¡¡Routledge£»¡¡2010£©¡£¡¡
£§246£§²Î¼û¡¡G¡£¡¡William¡¡Skinner£»¡¡¡¨Marketing¡¡and¡¡Social¡¡Structure¡¡in¡¡Rural¡¡China£»¡¨¡¡parts¡¡1£»¡¡
2£»¡¡and¡¡3£»¡¡Journal¡¡of¡¡Asian¡¡Studies¡¡24£»¡¡no¡£¡¡1¡¡£¨November¡¡1964£©£º¡¡344£»¡¡24£»¡¡no¡£¡¡2¡¡£¨February¡¡
1965£©£º¡¡195228£»¡¡24£»¡¡no¡£¡¡3¡¡£¨May¡¡1965£©£º¡¡363399¡£¡¡
£§247£§¹ØÓÚ½«³ÇÊеÄÏȽøÎïÖÊ´øµ½Ïç´å£¬¿ÉÒԲο¼¡¡¡¡Rachel¡¡¡¡Murphy£»¡¡¡¡How¡¡¡¡Migrant¡¡¡¡Labor¡¡¡¡Is¡¡
Changing¡¡Rural¡¡China¡¡£¨New¡¡York£º¡¡Cambridge¡¡University¡¡Press£»¡¡2002£©£»¡¡and¡¡Leslie¡¡T¡£¡¡Chang£»¡¡
Factory¡¡Girls£º¡¡From¡¡Village¡¡to¡¡City¡¡in¡¡a¡¡Changing¡¡China¡¡£¨New¡¡York£º¡¡Spiegel¡¡and¡¡Grau£»¡¡2008£©¡£¡¡
£§248£§Óйصķ¨ÂÉ×Å×÷¼û¡¡Stanley¡¡B¡£¡¡Lubman£»¡¡Bird¡¡in¡¡a¡¡Cage£º¡¡Legal¡¡Reform¡¡in¡¡China¡¡after¡¡
Mao¡¡£¨Stanford£»¡¡Calif¡££º¡¡Stanford¡¡University¡¡Press£»¡¡1999£©£»¡¡Randall¡¡Peerenboom£»¡¡China's¡¡Long¡¡
March¡¡¡¡toward¡¡¡¡Rule¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Law¡¡¡¡£¨New¡¡¡¡York£º¡¡¡¡Cambridge¡¡¡¡University¡¡¡¡Press£»¡¡¡¡2002£©£»¡¡¡¡Jianfu¡¡¡¡Chen£»¡¡
Chinese¡¡Law£º¡¡Context¡¡and¡¡Transformation¡¡£¨Boston£º¡¡Martinus¡¡Nijhoff£»¡¡2008£©¡£¡¡
£§249£§Anita¡¡¡¡Chan£»¡¡¡¡China's¡¡¡¡Workers¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡Assault£º¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡Exploitation¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Labor¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡
Globalizing¡¡Economy¡¡£¨Armonk£»¡¡N¡£Y¡££º¡¡M¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡Sharpe£»¡¡2001£©£»¡¡Chang£»¡¡Factory¡¡Girls¡£¡¡
£§2410£§Ezra¡¡F¡£¡¡Vogel£»¡¡One¡¡Step¡¡Ahead¡¡in¡¡China£º¡¡Guangdong¡¡under¡¡Reform¡¡£¨Cambridge£º¡¡
Harvard¡¡¡¡University¡¡¡¡Press£»¡¡¡¡1989£©¡£¡¡¡¡ÓйØÔÚÖйúÍâÆ󹤳§ÆعâµÄ³¬Ê±Óù¤ÏÖÏ󣬼û¡¡¡¡Chan£»¡¡¡¡China's¡¡
Workers¡¡under¡¡Assault¡£¡¡
¡¡
¡¡
£§2411£§Martin¡¡¡¡King¡¡¡¡Whyte£»¡¡¡¡Small¡¡¡¡Groups¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡Political¡¡¡¡Rituals¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡China¡¡¡¡£¨Berkeley£º¡¡
University¡¡of¡¡California¡¡Press£»¡¡1974£©£»¡¡Gail¡¡E¡£¡¡Henderson¡¡and¡¡Myron¡¡S¡£¡¡Cohen£»¡¡The¡¡Chinese¡¡
Hospital£º¡¡A¡¡Socialist¡¡Work¡¡Unit¡¡£¨New¡¡Haven£º¡¡Yale¡¡University¡¡Press£»¡¡1984£©£»¡¡Andrew¡¡G¡£¡¡Walder£»¡¡
munist¡¡¡¡¡¡NeoTraditionalism£º¡¡¡¡¡¡Work¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Authority¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡Industry¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Berkeley£º¡¡
University¡¡of¡¡California¡¡Press£»¡¡1986£©¡£¡¡
£§2412£§Deborah¡¡¡¡¡¡S¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Davis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Consumer¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Urban¡¡¡¡¡¡China¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Berkeley£º¡¡
University¡¡of¡¡California¡¡Press£»¡¡2000£©£»¡¡Scott¡¡Rozelle¡¡and¡¡Jikun¡¡Huang£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Marketization¡¡of¡¡
Rural¡¡China£º¡¡Gain¡¡or¡¡Pain¡¡for¡¡China's¡¡Two¡¡Hundred¡¡Million¡¡Farm¡¡Families£¿¡¨¡¡in¡¡Jean¡¡C¡£¡¡Oi£»¡¡Scott¡¡
Rozelle£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡Xueguang¡¡¡¡Zhou£»¡¡¡¡eds¡££»¡¡¡¡Growing¡¡¡¡Pains£º¡¡¡¡Tensions¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡Opportunity¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡China's¡¡
Transformation¡¡¡¡£¨Stanford£»¡¡¡¡Calif¡££º¡¡¡¡Walter¡¡¡¡H¡£¡¡¡¡Shorenstein¡¡¡¡AsiaPacific¡¡¡¡Research¡¡¡¡Center£»¡¡
Stanford¡¡University£»¡¡2010£©£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡5785¡£¡¡
£§2413£§Martin¡¡King¡¡Whyte£»¡¡Myth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Social¡¡Volcano£º¡¡Perceptions¡¡of¡¡Inequality¡¡and¡¡
Distributive¡¡¡¡Justice¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡Contemporary¡¡¡¡China¡¡¡¡£¨Stanford£»¡¡¡¡Calif¡££º¡¡¡¡Stanford¡¡¡¡University¡¡¡¡Press£»¡¡
2010£©¡£¡¡
£§2414£§×÷Õß¡¡2010¡¡Äê¡¡12¡¡ÔÂÓëÖй²µ³Ê·×¨¼ÒÉòÖ¾»ªµÄ½»Ì¸¡£¡¡
¡¡
¡¡
µËСƽʱ´úµÄ¹Ø¼üÈËÎï¡¡
£¨°´ÐÕÊϺºÓïÆ´ÒôÅÅÐò£©¡¡
³ÂÔÆ¡¡

µËСƽºÍ³ÂÔÆ×Ô¡¡1930¡¡Äê´úÆð¾Í½áÏÂÁ˲»½âÖ®Ôµ£¬µ±Ê±ËûÃǶ¼ÔÚÉϺ££¬¶¼²Î¼ÓÁËÖܶ÷À´Á쵼ϵÄÖй²µØϵ³¡££§251£§¡¡
´ÓÄÇʱÆðÖ±µ½¡¡1980¡¡Äê´ú£¬ËûÃÇÔÚµ³ÄÚ¶·ÕùÖдó¶¼Õ¾ÔÚÒ»Æð¡£Á½ÈËÔÚ¡¡1953¡¡ÄêÖ÷¶¯ÏòëÔ󶫽ҷ¢¸ß¸Ú£¬´Ó¶ø×èÖ¹ÁËÖй²¡¡
ÔÚ¡¡1950¡¡Äê´ú¿ÉÄÜ·¢ÉúµÄ×îÑÏÖصÄÒ»´Î·ÖÁÑ¡£ÔÚ¡¡1960¡¡Äê´úÖÐÆÚ£¬Á½È˶¼Êܵ½Ã«Ô󶫵ÄÅż·£¬µ«Ò²¶¼ÃâÓÚÃð¶¥Ö®ÔÖ¡£²»¡¡
¹ý´Ó¡¡1981¡¡Äêµ½¡¡1982¡¡Ä꿪ʼ£¬ÕâÁ½Î»Áìµ¼È˵ij¤ÆÚ¹Øϵ¿ªÊ¼³öÏÖÁѺۣºËûÃǶԷ¢Õ¹Ëٶȷ¢ÉúÁËÒâ¼û·ÖÆç¡£1984¡¡ÄêÒÔ¡¡
ºó£¬µ±µËСƽ¿ªÊ¼Íƶ¯³ÇÊиĸïºÍ¼Ó¿ì·¢Õ¹Ê±£¬ËûÃǵķÖÆç±äµÃ¸ü¼Ó¼âÈñ¡£ËûÃÇ·Ö±ð³ÉΪÖй²¸ß²ã¸É²¿Öиü¹ã·ºÍÅÌåµÄ¡¡
´úÑÔÈË£¬³ÉÁËÖøÃûµÄ¡¸Ò»É½¶þ»¢¡¹¡£¡¡
³ÂÔƺ͵ËСƽ¼ÌÐøΪµ³µÄÀûÒæºÏ×÷¹²Ê£¬¾¡Á¿²»ÈÃÍâ½çÖªµÀËûÃÇÖ®¼äµÄ·ÖÆç¡£µ«ÊÇÔÚ¡¡1980¡¡Äê´ú£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ¡¡1984¡¡
ÄêÒÔºó£¬ÕâÖÖ·ÖÆç³ÉΪµ³ÄÚÕþÖηÏߵķֽçÏß¡£³ÂÔÆÒ»Ïòµ£ÐÄð½ø£¬Ëû²»Ì«Ô¸ÒâðÏÕ£¬¶Ô¶ôÖÆͨ»õÅòÕ͸üΪ¼á¾ö£»Ëû¶Ô¡¡
ËÕÁªÓн϶àºÃ¸Ð£¬²»Ô¸¸ú×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¹ú¼Ò¼ÓÇ¿ÁªÏµ£¬²»Ô¸À©´óÊг¡×÷Ó㬸ü¼á¶¨µØ°´µ³ÄÚ³ÌÐò°ìÊ¡£µËСƽÔò¸üϲ»¶½øÐС¡
ÊÔÑ飬ͻÆÆÌõÌõ¿ò¿ò£¬ÏòÎ÷·½³¨¿ª´óÃÅ£¬¸Ò´³¸Ò¸É¡£³ÂÔƺ͵ËСƽ¶¼ÊÇÃþ×Åʯͷ¹ýºÓ£¬µ«³ÂÔÆÔÚÂä½Å֮ǰ£¬Òª¸ãÇå³þÿ¡¡
Ò»¿éʯͷÊÇ·ñÀο¿¡£¡¡
³ÂÔÆÔÚµ³ÄÚÏíÓгç¸ßµÄÍþÍû£¬Õâ²»½öÒòΪËûÔÚ¾­¼ÃÉϵķǷ²³É¾Í£¬»¹ÒòΪËûÔڸ߲㳤ÆÚÈÎÖ°µÄ¾­Àú£¬1930¡¡Äê´ú¡¡
ËûÔÚʹËÕÁª½ÓÊÜëÔ󶫵Ĺý³ÌÖеűÏ×£¬ËûÔÚÑÓ°²½¨Á¢Öй²×é֯ϵͳµÄ¹¤×÷£¬ËûÔÚÖй²Õ¼ÁìÈ«¹úµÄ¹ý³ÌÖн¨Á¢Æð³ÇÊйܡ¡
ÀíÌåÖÆʱ·¢»ÓµÄ×÷Óã¬ÒÔ¼°ËûΪÁË·ÀֹëÔó¶«ÔÚ´óÔ¾½øÖÐ×ß¼«¶ËËù×öµÄŬÁ¦¡£ÓÐЩÈËÈÏΪËû¹ýÓÚ½÷СÉ÷΢£¬µ«ÈËÃÇÆձ顡
×ð¾´ËûµÄÕþÖÎÅжÏÁ¦ºÍ¶ÀÁ¢·ÖÎöÄÜÁ¦£¬ÒÔ¼°Ëû¼áÊØÔ­Ôò·îÏ×ÓÚµ³µÄ¾«Éñ¡£ÄÇЩµ£ÐĵËСƽ²»¹ËÆäËûÁìµ¼È˵ÄÒâ¼û¾Í¸ã´ó¡¡
¶¯×÷µÄ¸ß²ã¸É²¿£¬»á´Ó³ÂÔÆÄÇÀïÑ°ÕÒÖ§³Ö£¬¶øÔÚ¡¡1980¡¡Äê´úºóÆÚÏ£Íû½øÐд󵨵ÄÊг¡»¯ÊÔÑéµÄÈËÔò°Ñ³ÂÔƵ±×÷¶ÔÁ¢Ãæ¡£¡¡
¼´Ê¹µËСƽÏëÈóÂÔÆ¿¿±ßÕ¾£¬ÄÜ·ñ×öµÃµ½È´ÁîÈË»³ÒÉ¡£1984¡¡ÄêÒԺ󣬾¡¹Ü·Ïß·ÖÆçʹÁ½È˾ÚÉ¥£¬µ«ËûÃǾ¡Á¿×öµ½Á˺͡¡
ƽÏà´¦¡£¡¡
³ÂÔƳöÉíº®ÃÅ£¬ÕâÓëµØÖ÷³öÉíµÄµËСƽÐγÉÏÊÃ÷¶Ô±È¡£ËûÁ½ËêÉ¥¸¸£¬ËÄËêɥĸ£¬ºóÓÉÍâ×æĸÑøÓý¡£ÆßËêÄÇÄêÍâ×æ¡¡
ĸҲȥÊÀÁË£¬´ËºóËûÓë¾Ë¾ËÒ»ÆðÉú»îµ½Ê®ËÄËê¡£ËûµÄÀÏʦÔÚÕâÒ»Äê°²ÅÅËûÈ¥ÉϺ£ÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ýµ±ÁËѧͽ£¬³ÂÔÆÏÈÊÇÔÚÓ¡Ë¢¡¡
³§¸É»î£¬ºóÀ´³ÉΪµêÔ±¡£¡¡
ÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý×÷ΪÖйú×î´óµÄѧÊõ³ö°æÉÌ£¬ÊÇÖйúѧÊõÉú»îµÄÒ»¸öÖÐÐÄ£¬³ÂÔÆÀûÓÃÕâ¸ö»ú»á½øÐÐÁË×Ôѧ¡£Ëû¶ÁÊéÌý¡¡
¿Î£¬²Î¼ÓÓйØÍⲿÊÀ½çµÄ±çÂÛ¡£Ëû¶ÔÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý×î¸ß²ãµÄ×ʱ¾¼ÒÕõ¶àÉÙÇ®Ëã¹ýÒ»±ÊÕË£¬ÓÉ´ËÍÆËã³ö×ʱ¾¼Ò¶Ô¹¤È˵İþÏ÷¡¡
³Ì¶È¡£ËûµÄ¼ÆËãÓë¹²²úµ³¶ÔµÛ¹úÖ÷ÒåµÄ½âÊÍÒ»Ö¡£ËûÔÚÊÀ½ç¹ÛÐγÉʱÆÚÊÇÉϺ£µÄÒ»ÃûµêÔ±£¬Ëû´Óδʧȥ·´µÛÈÈÇ飬×ܵ£¡¡
ÐÄËûÔÚÉϺ£¿´µ½µÄ×ï¶ñ×ʱ¾Ö÷ÒåÓÐÒ»Ìì»á¾íÍÁÖØÀ´¡£¡¡
1925¡¡Äê¡¡5¡¡Ô¡¡30¡¡ÈÕÓ¢×â½ç¾¯²ìÏòÉϺ£µÄÈËȺ¿ªÇ¹ÉäɱÁ˼¸ÃûÖйúÈ˺󣬳ÂÔƲμÓÁËʾÍþ»î¶¯£¬Í¬ÄêÄêµ×Ëû¼ÓÈë¡¡
Öйú¹²²úµ³£¬Ê±Äê¡¡20¡¡Ëê¡£Ëû·¢±íÑÝ˵£¬Ð´ÎÄÕ£¬½²ÊöµÛ¹úÖ÷ÒåÈçºÎÆÛѹÖйúºÍ×ʱ¾¼ÒÈçºÎÈù¤ÈËÔâÊÜ¿àÄÑ¡£¡¡
1927¡¡Äê¹ú¹²¾öÁѺ󣬳ÂÔƱ»ÆÈתÈëµØϹ¤×÷£¬¾­³£±ä»»ÐÕÃûºÍסַ¡£Ëû»¹ÔÚÖܶ÷À´µÄÁ쵼ϣ¬¸ºÔð°µÉ±¿ÉÄÜɱ¡¡
º¦¹ýÖй²µ³Ô±µÄ¹úÃñµ³¹ÙÔ±¡£ÓëÔÚ×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¹ú¼ÒÉú»î¹ýÎåÄêµÄµËСƽ²»Í¬£¬³ÂÔÆÔ÷¶ñËûÔÚ¡¡1920¡¡Äê´úµÄÉϺ£¿´µ½µÄ×ʱ¾¡¡
Ö÷Ò壬ËùÒÔËû´Óδȥ¹ý×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¹ú¼Ò£¬ºóÀ´Ò²²»²ÎÓëºÍÎ÷·½Áìµ¼È˵Ļá̸¡£¡¡
¹ú¹²¾öÁѺóµÄ¡¡1928¡¡Ä꣬À´×ÔËÕÁªµÄ¹²²ú¹ú¼Ê´ú±íָʾÖй²ÒªÒÀ¿¿¹¤ÈË£¬ÒòΪ֪ʶ·Ö×Ó¶àÊý³öÉíÓÚµØÖ÷ºÍ×ʲú½×¡¡
¼¶¼ÒÍ¥£¬²»ÊǸïÃüÔ˶¯µÄ¿É¿¿»ù´¡¡£µ±Ê±µÄÖйú¹¤³§ÊýÁ¿¼«ÉÙ£¬Ò²¼¸ºõûÓÐÊܹý×ã¹»½ÌÓý¡¢Äܹ»µ£ÆðÁìµ¼ÔðÈεŤÈË£¬¡¡
Öй²ÆÈÇÐÐèÒª´ÏÃ÷µÄ¡¸¹¤ÈË¡¹½øÈëÁìµ¼²ã¡£³ÂÔÆÔÚÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ýʱ¾ÍÊÇÀ͹¤ÁìÐ䣬ÓÖÔÚÄÇÀïµÄ»·¾³ÖÐÊܹýÁ¼ºÃ½ÌÓý£¬Òò´Ë¡¡
ѸËٵõ½Ìá°Î¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¾¡¹ÜËû±ÈµËСƽСһË꣬µ«ÔÚËû¡¡1931¡¡Ä굱ѡÖÐÑëίԱºóµÄ¡¡20¡¡ÄêÀËûÔÚµ³ÄÚµÄÅÅÃûÒ»Ö±Ô¶¡¡
Ô¶¸ßÓÚµËСƽ¡£¡¡
1933¡¡ÄêÔÚ½­Î÷£¬³ÂÔÆ×÷ΪΨһ¾ßÓС¸¹¤È˱³¾°¡¹µÄ¸ß²ã¸É²¿£¬ºÜ¿ì¾Í±»Ìá°ÎΪÕþÖξֳ£Î¯£¬´Ó¶ø³ÉÁËÖй²µÄÆß¡¡
Ãû×î¸ßÁìµ¼ÈËÖ®Ò»¡£ÔÚ¡¡1935¡¡Ä곤Õ÷;ÖÐÖøÃûµÄ×ñÒå»áÒéǰϦ£¬³ÂÔƲμÓÁËÀèƽ»áÒ飬»áÒé¾ö¶¨À©´ó²Î¼Ó×ñÒå»áÒéµÄÈË¡¡
¡¡
¡¡
Êý£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨¸ü¶àÓµ»¤Ã«Ô󶫵ÄÈË£¬ÕâΪëÔó¶«ÔÚ×ñÒåÈ¡µÃÓÅÊÆÆÌƽÁ˵À·¡£×ñÒå»áÒéÖ®ºó£¬ÊƹÂÁ¦µ¥µÄÖй²ÎªÁËά³Ö¡¡
¹²²ú¹ú¼ÊµÄÖ§³Ö£¬ÐèÒªÓÐÈËÓëÉϺ£µÄ¹²²ú¹ú¼ÊÖØн¨Á¢ÁªÏµ£¬ÏòËü»ã±¨Öй²Áìµ¼²ãµÄ±ä¶¯£»¶ø³ÂÔÆ¿ÉÒÔ×°°ç³É»á½²ÉϺ£¡¡
»°µÄµ±µØÉÌÈË£¬Òò´Ë±»µ³µÄÁ쵼ѡ¶¨Ç°ÍùÉϺ£Ïò¹²²ú¹ú¼Ê»ã±¨¹¤×÷¡£¿ÉÊÇËûµ½ÁËÉϺ£ºó´¦¾³ÏÕ¶ñ£ººÜ¶àͶ¿¿¹úÃñµ³µÄÇ°¡¡
Öй²µ³Ô±ºÜÈÝÒ×°ÑËûÈϳöÀ´¡£ÓÚÊÇËû°´ÕÕ±ðÈ˵Ľ¨Òé³Ë»õÂÖÈ¥ÁË·ûÀ­µÏÎÖ˹Íпˣ¬ÓÖ´ÓÄǶùת¸°ÄªË¹¿ÆµÄ¹²²ú¹ú¼Ê£¬Ïò¡¡
ËÕÁªÁìµ¼È˻㱨ÁË×ñÒå»áÒéµÄÇé¿öÔæÓÈÆäÊÇëÔ󶫵ÄáÈÆð¡£Ö®ºó£¬ËûÔÚĪ˹¿ÆפÁôÁËÁ½Äê¡£¡¡
µËСƽÔÚĪ˹¿Æʱ£¬ÄÇÀïÕýÔÚʵÐС¸Ð¾­¼ÃÕþ²ß¡¹£»¶ø³ÂÔÆÔÚĪ˹¿Æʱ£¬Ê·Ì«ÁÖÒѾ­½¨³ÉÉç»áÖ÷ÒåÌåÖƲ¢Öƶ¨ÁË¡¡
ËÕÁªµÄÎåÄê¼Æ»®¡£µËСƽȥËÕÁªÊ±ÊÇѧÉú£¬³ÂÔÆÈ¥ËÕÁªÊ±ÔòÊÇÖй²¸ß²ã¸É²¿£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸úËÕÁªÁìµ¼È˽»Íù£¬ÉõÖÁ¼û¹ýÊ·Ì«ÁÖ¡£¡¡
À뿪Ī˹¿ÆºóËûÔÚн®×¡ÁË°ëÄ꣬ÊÔͼÔÚÄÇÀィһÌõÖÐËÕÖ®¼äµÄ¹Ì¶¨ÔËÊäͨµÀ£¬µ«ÕâÏ×÷ÒòΪµØ·½¾ü·§Âí²½·¼¼°ÆäÆï¡¡
±ø¶ÓµÄ×èÈŶøʧ°Ü¡£¡¡
ºóÀ´£¬³ÂÔ
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨1£© ²È£¨1£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡